1.I spent the better part of a decade looking at American responses to mass atrocity and genocide.
我花了许多年的时间 考察美国人对大规模的暴行和种族灭绝的反应。
2.And I’d like to start by sharing with you one moment that to me sums up what there is to know about American and democratic responses to mass atrocity.
我想跟大家分享一个我经历的重要时刻开始我的演讲 那个时刻唤起我关注 美国人和民主对大规模暴行的反应。
3.And that moment came on April 21, 1994.
那是1994年4月21日。
4.So 14 years ago, almost, in the middle of the Rwandan genocide, in which 800,000 people would be systematically exterminated by the Rwandan government and some extremist militia.
将近14年前的今天，正在进行卢旺达种族灭绝， 在那个事件中，有80万人遭到有组织地屠杀， 刽子手是卢旺达政府和其他的极端分子。
5.On April 21, in the New York Times, the paper reported that somewhere between 200 and 300,000 people had already been killed in the genocide.
在4月21号的纽约时报上， 报道有20万到30万人 在种族灭绝运动中遭到屠杀。
6.It was in the paper — not on the front page.
这条消息是在报纸版面当中-而不是首页上。
7.It was a lot like the Holocaust coverage, it was buried in the paper.
像大屠杀这样的报道很多， 都夹杂在报纸上的其他信息中间。
8.Rwanda itself was not seen as newsworthy, and amazingly, genocide itself was not seen as newsworthy.
卢旺达本身不怎么值得报道， 让人诧异的是，种族灭绝本身也不值得报道。
9.But on April 21, a wonderfully honest moment occurred.
但是在4月21号，出现了一个非常诚实的时刻。
10.And that was that an American congresswoman named Patricia Schroeder from Colorado met with a group of journalists.
那就是有个美国女议员 来自科罗拉多州的帕特里夏施罗德 她接见了一批记者。
11.And one of the journalists said to her, what’s up?
其中一个记者问她，怎么回事？
12.What’s going on in the US government?
美国政府怎么了？
13.Two to 300,000 people have just been exterminated in the last couple of weeks in Rwanda.
有20万到30万人在卢旺达遭到屠杀 就在最近几天。
14.It’s two weeks into the genocide at that time, but of course, at that time you don’t know how long it’s going to last.
那个时候屠杀已经进行了两周， 当然，那时你不确定那个运动还要持续多久。
15.And the journalist said, why is there so little response out of Washington?
那个记者说，为什么华盛顿没有任何反应？
16.Why no hearings, no denunciations, no people getting arrested in front of the Rwandan embassy or in front of the White House? What’s the deal?
为什么没有听证会，没有谴责， 没有人在卢旺达大使馆前闹事，遭到被捕 或者是在白宫前面游行？到底怎么了？
17.And she said – she was so honest – she said, “It’s a great question.
这个女议员说-她非常诚实-她说，“你问了个好问题。
18.All I can tell you is that in my congressional office in Colorado and my office in Washington, were getting hundreds and hundreds of calls
我可以告诉你，在我科罗拉多的议会办公室 和我在华盛顿的办公室， 收到了成百上千的电话
19.about the endangered ape and gorilla population in Rwanda, but nobody is calling about the people.
关于卢旺达即将灭绝的猿和大猩猩， 但是没有接到谈论当地人的电话。
20.The phones just aren’t ringing about the people.”
就是没有关于人的电话。”
21.And the reason I give you this moment is, there’s a deep truth in it.
我现在可以告诉你一个理由，有一个很深刻的道理。
22.And that truth is, or was, in the 20th century, that while we were beginning to develop endangered species movements, we didn’t have an endangered people’s movement.
这个道理是20世纪， 当我们开始开展拯救濒临物种的运动时， 我们并没有一个关于濒临灭绝人种的运动。
23.We had Holocaust education in the schools.
在学校我们有关大屠杀内容的教育。
24.Most of us were groomed not only on images of nuclear catastrophe, but also on images and knowledge of the Holocaust.
我们大多数人不仅见识了核灾难的照片， 还学习了关于大屠杀的图片和知识。
25.There’s a museum, of course, on the Mall in Washington, right next to Lincoln and Jefferson.
当然，华盛顿广场有个博物馆， 就在林肯和杰斐逊雕塑旁边。
26.I mean, we have owned Never Again culturally, appropriately, interestingly.
我的意思是，我们已经有了“再不让类似悲剧发生”的概念， 文化层面的，非常恰当且非常有趣的。
27.And yet the politicization of Never Again, the operationalization of Never Again, had never occurred in the 20th century.
但是政治层面的“再不发生”， 以及“再不发生”的实际操作， 在20世纪从未实现。
28.And that’s what that moment with Patricia Schroeder I think shows: that if we are to bring about an end to the world’s worst atrocities,
我想这就是帕特里夏施罗德当时想的： 如果我们想阻止世界上最恐怖的暴行，
29.we have to make it such.
我们必须行动起来。
30.There has to be a role — there has to be the creation of political noise and political costs in response to massive crimes against humanity, and so forth.
必须有个人- 必须发出政治声音，承担政治成本 作为对反人性的大规模犯罪的反应等等。
31.So that was the 20th century.
那是20世纪的情况。
32.Now here — and this will be a relief to you at this point in the afternoon — there is good news, amazing news, in the 21st century,
现在-对今天下午在座的你们来说，有一种解脱- 有一个好消息，非常让人惊奇的消息，在21世纪，
33.and that is that, almost out of nowhere, there has come into being an anti-genocide movement, an anti-genocide constituency, and one that looks destined, in fact, to be permanent.
这就是，不知从哪里开始的， 开展了反种族屠杀的运动，有了反种族屠杀的支持者， 这看起来是注定要产生的，事实上，也会永久存在下去。
34.It grew up in response to the atrocities in Darfur.
它是在反抗达尔富尔暴行的过程中产生的。
35.It is comprised of students. There are something like 300 anti-genocide chapters on college campuses around the country.
它主要由学生组成。大概有300个左右的反种族灭绝分会， 在全国各地的大学校园里。
36.It’s bigger than the anti-apartheid movement.
它比反种族隔离运动规模要大。
37.There are something like 500 high school chapters devoted to stopping the genocide in Darfur.
有大约500个高中分会 致力于阻止达尔富尔的种族灭绝。
38.Evangelicals have joined it. Jewish groups have joined it.
新教徒加入了进来，犹太教徒也加入了。
39.Hotel Rwanda watchers have joined it. It is a cacophonous movement.
卢旺达酒店观察家也加入了进来。这是一个声势浩大的运动。
40.To call it a movement, as with all movements, perhaps, is a little misleading.
把这称作“运动”，和其他若干次运动一起，或许有些误导。
41.It’s diverse. It’s got a lot of different approaches.
这次运动非常多样化，有很多不同的方法。
42.It’s got all the ups and the downs of movements.
经历了所有运动都有的高潮和低谷。
43.But it has been amazingly successful in one regard, in that it has become, it has congealed into this endangered people’s movement that was missing in the 20th century.
但是在一个方面，这次运动非常成功， 它变成了一个 针对所有面临种族灭绝危险的人群的运动 这种人群运动是20世纪没有的。
44.It sees itself, such as it is, the it, as something that will create the impression that there will be political cost, there will be a political price to be paid,
这次运动就是这样，不同， 它制造出这样一种印象，就是需要政治成本，或者说， 必须付出政治代价，
45.for allowing genocide, for not having an heroic imagination, for not being an upstander but for being, in fact, a bystander.
允许种族屠杀，不让人们有做英雄的幻想， 不做一个支持者，而是，事实上，一个旁观者。
46.Now because it’s student-driven, there’s some amazing things that the movement has done.
现在因为是学生驱动的， 这个运动已经做了一些成绩。
47.They have launched a divestment campaign that has now convinced, I think, 55 universities in 22 states to divest their holdings of stocks
他们已经发动了撤资运动 在22个州的55所学校里面已经得到证实了 让那些有股票的人赎回自己的股票
48.with regard to companies doing business in Sudan.
如果出售股票的公司在苏丹做生意的话。
49.They have a 1-800-GENOCIDE number — this is going to sound very kitsch, but for those of you who may not be, I mean, may be apolitical,
他们有一个1-8–GENOCIDE(种族灭绝)热线- 这听起来有些愚蠢， 但是对那些不，我的意思是，不怎么关心政治，
50.but interested in doing something about genocide, you dial 1-800-GENOCIDE and you type in your zip code, and you don’t even have to know who your congressperson is.
但是对种族灭绝感兴趣的人， 你可以拨打1-800-GENOCIDE，输入你的邮编， 你甚至不需要知道你们州的国会议员是谁。
51.It will refer you directly to your congressperson, to your US senator, to your governor where divestment legislation is pending.
它也会直接接通到你的国会议员，或者是美国参议员， 或者接到州长那里，撤资立法虽然还未签订。
52.They’ve lowered the transaction costs of stopping genocide.
他们这样做降低了组织种族灭绝的交易成本。
53.I think the most innovative thing they’ve introduced recently are genocide grades.
我认为他们最近做的最有新意的事情 是种族灭绝评分。
54.And it takes students to introduce genocide grades.
需要学生来介绍这种种族灭绝评分。
55.So what you now have when a Congress is in session is members of Congress calling up these 19-year-olds or 24-year-olds and saying, I’m just told I have a D minus on genocide;
所以你现在会看到，当国会开会时， 有国会议员会打给19岁或者24岁的学生，然后说， 我刚得知我的种族灭绝评分是D-；
56.what do I do to get a C. I just want to get a C. Help me.
我如何做才能得到C，我想得到C，请帮帮我。
57.And the students and the others who are part of this incredibly energized base are there to answer that, and there’s always something to do.
这时，该学生和其他人 那些同样是这个非常有活力的集体的一分子 会在那里，回答说，总有些办法的。
58.Now, what this movement has done is it has extracted from the Bush administration from the United States, at a time of massive over-stretch — military, financial, diplomatic —
现在这个运动已经完成的不同于布什政府 从美国， 从军事、财政、外交都高度控制
59.a whole series of commitments to Darfur that no other country in the world is making.
对达尔富尔有着一系列的承诺， 世界上其他国家尚未做到的承诺。
60.For instance, the referral of the crimes in Darfur to the International Criminal Court, which the Bush administration doesn’t like.
例如，把达尔富尔的罪犯转给 国际法庭， 这是美国政府不喜欢的方式。
61.The expenditure of 3 billion dollars in refugee camps to try to keep, basically, the people who’ve been displaced from their homes by the Sudanese government, by the so-called Janjaweed, the militia,
花30亿美元在那些难民营上， 基本养活了那些被 苏丹政府，被那些所谓的Janjaweed，被那些民兵驱逐出家园的人，
62.to keep those people alive until something more durable can be achieved.
维持那些难民的生命 直到更加可持续的方案达成。
63.And recently, or now not that recently, about six months ago, the authorization of a peacekeeping force of 26,000 that will go.
最近，或者不是最新的消息， 大概六个月前，维和部队得到授权， 两万六千士兵将被派驻那里。
64.And that’s all the Bush administration’s leadership, and it’s all because of this bottom-up pressure and the fact that the phones haven’t stopped ringing
这都是在布什政府的领导下， 都是因为有自下而上的压力 热线电话一直未断
65.from the beginning of this crisis.
从危机刚开始出现就这样。
66.The bad news, however, to this question of will evil prevail, is that evil lives on.
坏消息是， 邪恶还存在。
67.The people in those camps are surrounded on all sides by so-called Janjaweed, these men on horseback with spears and Kalashnikovs.
难民营中的人被 所谓的Janjaweed军团围着，这些军人骑着马 带着矛还有卡拉什尼科夫冲锋枪。
68.Women who go to get firewood in order to heat the humanitarian aid in order to feed their families — humanitarian aid — the dirty secret of it is it has to be heated, really, to be edible —
女人们去拾柴来加热人道主义援助食品 来养活她们的家人-人道主义援助食品- 卑鄙的地方就在于需要加热才能吃，真的是这样-
69.are themselves subjected to rape, which is a tool of the genocide that is being used.
她们也遭到强奸， 这是种族屠杀的工具之一。
70.And the peacekeepers I’ve mentioned, the force has been authorized, but almost no country on Earth has stepped forward since the authorization
我刚提到的维和部队，这些军队已经得到了联合国的授权， 但是从得到授权来，几乎没有国家迈出这一步，
71.to actually put its troops or its police in harm’s way.
把他们的部队实际派过去，或者是警察。
72.So we have achieved an awful lot relative to the 20th century, and yet far too little relative to the gravity of the crime that is unfolding
所以我们实际做到的相比20世纪还是很多， 但是打击这些已经出现的严重犯罪的力度很小，
73.as we sit here, as we speak.
我们坐在这里，讨论这些。
74.Why the limits to the movement?
这种运动的局限性是什么?
75.Why is what has been achieved, or what the movement has done, been necessary but not sufficient to the crime?
为什么我们当前取得的，或者说运动带来的成效， 虽然很有必要，但是对制止犯罪却远远不够呢？
76.I think there are a couple — there are many reasons — but a couple just to focus on briefly.
我认为有一些-应该说有很多原因- 但是我们今天只简要地集中讨论其中的一些。
77.The first is that the movement, such as it is, stops at America’s borders.It is not a global movement.
第一个是这些运动， 比如发生在美国边境内的运动。它并不是全球性的运动。
78.It does not have too many compatriots abroad who themselves are asking their governments to do more to stop genocide.
这些运动并没有得到很多国外同胞 那些认为他们的政府也该为阻止种族屠杀采取更多的措施。
79.And the Holocaust culture that we have in this country makes Americans, sort of, more prone to, I think, want to bring Never Again to life.
我认为美国大屠杀的文化 使得美国人，部分使得我们更加 倾向于支持让这种事情“再不发生”。
80.The guilt that the Clinton Administration expressed, that Bill Clinton expressed over Rwanda created a space in our society for a consensus
克林顿政府表达出来的愧疚， 比尔·克林顿本人对卢旺达屠杀表示出来的愧疚 使得我们整个社会达成了这样一个共识，
81.that Rwanda was bad and wrong and we wish we had done more, and that is something that the movement has taken advantage of.
那就是卢旺达政府很坏并且做了错事， 我们希望能够做的更多，这种感情使得 运动更容易展开。
82.European governments, for the most part, haven’t acknowledged responsibility, and there’s nothing to, kind of, to push back and up against.
而欧洲政府，很大程度上， 从未承认过他们的责任，没有什么 要承担或推卸的责任。
83.So this movement, if it’s to be durable and global, will have to cross borders, and you will have to see other citizens in democracies, not simply resting on the assumption
所以要想使得这项运动持续下去，推广到全球， 越过国界，我们就必须 去观察其他民主政体下的人民，而不仅仅是
84.that their government would do something in the face of genocide, but actually making it such.
设想他们的政府在种族屠杀面前会做出点什么， 我们要实际去推动这项运动。
85.Governments will never gravitate towards crimes of this magnitude naturally or eagerly.
政府从不会自动关注这样大规模的犯罪 既不会自然地关注，也没有太多热情。
86.As we saw, they haven’t even gravitated towards protecting our ports or reigning in loose nukes.
正如我们知道的，他们也不会自动去保护我们的港口 或者施加核制裁。
87.why would we expect in a bureaucracy that it would orient itself towards distant suffering?
为什么我们会期待官僚机构能够调整方向， 关注遥远的人民所受的痛苦？
88.So one reason is, it hasn’t gone global.
这是这项运动没有走向全球的一个原因。
89.The second is, of course, that at this time in particular in America’s history we have a credibility problem, a legitimacy problem in international institutions.
第二个原因，当前，在这个美国历史上特殊的时刻 我们出现了信誉危机， 在国际机构中的合法性的问题。
90.It is structurally really, really hard to do, as the Bush administration rightly does, which is to denounce genocide on a Monday and then describe water boarding on a Tuesday as a no-brainer
这在结构上很难，真的很难解决， 正如布什政府正在做的， 周一谴责种族屠杀， 周二讨论水上登陆问题，就像一个没有脑子的人，
91.and then turn up on Wednesday and look for troop commitments.
然后，周三又出面给部队各种承诺。
92.Now, other countries have their own reasons for not wanting to get involved.
现在，其他国家有他们不参与此事的理由了。
93.Let me be clear.
让我说清楚一些。
94.They’re in some ways using the Bush administration as an alibi.
他们在某种程度上把美国政府当做一个借口。
95.But it is essential for us to be a leader in this sphere, of course to restore our standing and our leadership in the world.
当然，在这件事情上，我们必须成为一个领导者，这非常重要， 对于坚持我们的立场，以及我们对世界的领导权非常重要。
96.The recovery’s going to take some time.
复原需要时间。
97.We have to ask ourselves, what now? What do we do going forward as a country and as citizens in relationship to the world’s worst places,
我们必须反问自己，现在该怎么办？我们如何作为一个国家、 一个公民维持与世界上最糟糕的地方的关系，
98.the world’s worst suffering, killers, and the kinds of killers that could come home to roost sometime in the future.
这个地方是世界上受苦最多的地方，杀手和准杀手们 在未来可能会自食恶果。
99.The place that I turned to answer that question was to a man that many of you may not have ever heard of, and that is a Brazilian named Sergio Vieira de Mello who,
我要回答的问题来自一个男士 这个人你们或许从未听说过， 这个人是巴西人，叫塞尔吉奥·维埃拉·德梅洛，
100.as Chris said, was blown up in Iraq in 2003.
他就像克里斯说的，在2003年伊拉克战争中被炸死。
101.He was the victim of the first-ever suicide bomb in Iraq.
他是最早的伊拉克自杀性爆炸袭击中的受害者。
102.It’s hard to remember, but there was actually a time in the summer of 2003, even after the US invasion, where, apart from looting, civilians were relatively safe in Iraq.
这很难记起，是2003年夏天中的某个时间， 尽管在美国介入后， 伊拉克除了抢劫外，民众相对安全了许多。
103.Now, who was Sergio? Sergio Vieira de Mello was his name.
那谁是塞尔吉奥呢？他的全名是塞尔吉奥·维埃拉·德梅洛。
104.In addition to being Brazilian, he was described to me before I met him in 1994 as someone who was a cross between James Bond on the one hand and Bobby Kennedy on the other.
除了是个巴西人外，在1994年我们见面之前， 他被描述为介于詹姆斯邦德 和博比肯尼迪之间的一个人。
105.And in the UN, you don’t get that many people who actually manage to merge those qualities.
在联合国，我们认为并没有很多人 能够将这两人的品质同时具备。
106.He was James Bond-like in that he was ingenious.
他像詹姆斯邦德是说他的机警灵活。
107.He was drawn to the flames, he chased the flames, he was like a moth to the flames. Something of an adrenalin junkie.
他被吸引到危险的事业中，他追逐这样的事业， 就像飞蛾扑火；就像上瘾后被激发的肾上腺素。
108.He was successful with women.
他对付女人也很有一套。
109.He was Bobby Kennedy-like because in some ways one could never tell if he was a realist masquerading as an idealist or a idealist masquerading as an realist, as people always wondered
他像博比肯尼迪是说没有任何人能够说出 他是伪装成现实主义者的理想主义者 或者是伪装成理想主义者的现实主义者，正如人们经常
110.about Bobby Kennedy and John Kennedy in that way.
描述博比肯尼迪和约翰肯尼迪那样。
111.What he was was a decathlete of nation-building, of problem-solving, of troubleshooting in the world’s worst places and in the world’s most broken places.
他像全能运动员一样，处理国家建设，解决问题， 解决世界上最难的问题， 以及走访世界上最动乱的地方。
112.In failing states, genocidal states, under-governed states, precisely the kinds of places that threats to this country exist on the horizon, and precisely the kinds of places
在破碎的政权、种族灭绝的国家、无政府国家中， 正是这些对这个国家一直构成威胁， 也正是在这些地方
113.where most of the world’s suffering tends to get concentrated.
集中了世界上最悲惨的遭遇。
114.These are the places he was drawn to.
他正是被吸引到了这些地方。
115.He moved with the headlines.
他大张旗鼓地去了那里。
116.He was in the UN for 34 years. He joined at the age of 21.
他加入联合国34年，从21岁开始加入。
117.Started off when the causes in the wars d’jour in the ’70s were wars of independence and decolonization.
从70年代的战争时期加入 是独立和反对殖民主义的战争。
118.He was there in Bangladesh dealing with the outflow of millions of refugees — the largest refugee flow in history up to that point.
那时他在孟加拉国 处理成百万的难民外流- 那是当时历史上最大的难民潮。
119.He was in Sudan when the civil war broke out there.
当苏丹内战爆发时他正在那里。
120.He was in Cyprus right after the Turkish invasion.
在土耳其入侵时，他正在塞浦路斯。
121.He was in Mozambique for the War of Independence.
他在莫桑比克参与了独立运动。
122.He was in Lebanon. Amazingly, he was in Lebanon — the UN base was used — Palestinians staged attacks out from behind the UN base.
他在黎巴嫩。很神奇的是，他在黎巴嫩-联合国基地被用来- 正是在联合国基地后部不远处巴勒斯坦人发动了攻击。
123.Israel then invaded and overran the UN base.
以色列人入侵，占据了当时的联合国基地。
124.Sergio was in Beirut when the US Embassy was hit by the first-ever suicide attack against the United States.
当美国大使馆被袭时，塞尔吉奥在贝鲁特 受到针对美国政府的第一个自杀性人体炸弹的袭击。
125.People date the beginning of this new era to 9/11, but surely 1983, with the attack on the US Embassy and the Marine barracks — which Sergio witnessed — those are, in fact, in some ways,
人们认为自杀炸弹事件最早是9/11，但是事实上应该是在1983年， 对美国大使馆和海军基地的袭击- 这些塞尔吉奥都目睹了-事实上，在某种程度上，
126.the dawning of the era that we find ourselves in today.
这些是我们今天这些运动的起点。
127.From Lebanon he went to Bosnia in the ’90s.
90年代，从黎巴嫩回来之后，他去了波西尼亚。
128.The issues were, of course, ethnic sectarian violence.
那些事件是种族宗教暴力。
129.He was the first person to negotiate with the Khmer Rouge.
他是第一个与红色高棉人进行谈判的。
130.Talk about evil prevailing. I mean, here he was in the room with the embodiment of evil in Cambodia.
谈论邪恶的盛行。我的意思是，当前他与 柬埔寨邪恶的代表在同一个房间。
131.He negotiates with the Serbs.
他与塞尔维亚人谈判。
132.He actually crosses so far into this realm of talking to evil and trying to convince evil that it doesn’t need to prevail that he earns the nickname — not Sergio but Serbio
他甚至谈论到了善恶 并且试图说服恶的一方不要那么猖獗， 为此，他得到了一个昵称-不是塞尔吉奥而是赛尔比奥
133.while he’s living in the Balkans and conducting these kinds of negotiations.
当时他就住在巴尔干，进行这些谈判。
134.He then goes to Rwanda and to Congo in the aftermath of the genocide, and he’s the guy who has to decide — huh, OK, the genocide is over;
他之后去到卢旺达和刚果，就在种族屠杀之后， 他是那种有决心的人-嗯，好啦，种族屠杀到此为止吧，
135.800,000 people have been killed; the people responsible are fleeing into neighboring countries — into Congo, into Tanzania.
80万人已经被杀死了；对此负责的人已经转移 到邻近的国家-到刚果，到坦桑比亚。
136.I’m Sergio, I’m a humanitarian, and I want to feed those — well, I don’t want to feed the killers but I want to feed the two million people who are with them, so we’re going to go,
我是塞尔吉奥，我是人道主义者，我会援助那些- 当然，我不想援助杀手， 但我想救助与杀手混在一起的两百万人口，所以我们出发吧，
137.we’re going to set up camps, and we’re going to supply humanitarian aid.
我们到那里建难民营， 我们要提供人道主义援助。
138.But, uh-oh, the killers are within the camps.
但是，哦，杀手也在那些难民营里。
139.Well, I’d like to separate the sheep from the wolves.
我要把羊和狼分开。
140.Let me go door-to-door to the international community and see if anybody will give me police or troops to do the separation.
让我们到国际社区挨个去找国家， 看看是否有哪个国家愿意派出军队或者警察来把杀手和难民分开。
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