1.Let me talk about India through the evolution of ideas.
下面我来介绍一下印度 以及印度人们观念的演变
2.Now I believe this is an interesting way of looking at it because in every society, especially an open democratic society, it’s only when ideas take root that things change.
我觉得这是个很有意思的角度 因为在每个社会中，尤其是开放的民主社会里 只有观念树立之后，现实才能得以改变
3.Slowly ideas lead to ideology, lead to policies that lead to actions.
观念逐渐演变成意识形态 然后出台相应政策，并最终付诸实践
4.In 1930 this country went through a Great Depression, which led to all the ideas of the state and social security, and all the other things that happened in Roosevelt’s time.
1930年，美国经历大萧条时期 产生了有关国家社会安全问题的各种观点 并促进了罗斯福执政期间其他事件的发生
5.In the 1980s we had the Reagan revolution, which lead to deregulation.
20世纪80年代的里根革命，放松了政府管制
6.And today, after the global economic crisis, there was a whole new set of rules about how the state should intervene.
如今，全球经济危机的爆发 引发了新规则的产生 重新探讨国家应该如何执政
7.So ideas change states.
所以说，观念改变国家
8.And I looked at India and said, really there are four kinds of ideas which really make an impact on India.
我们再来看印度 四种观念对印度 产生着巨大的影响
9.The first, to my mind, is what I call as the “ideas that have arrived.”
第一种，在我看来 是被我称为“已发生”的观念
10.These ideas have brought together something which has made India happen the way it is today.
这些观念产生的影响 造就了今天的印度
11.The second set of ideas I call “ideas in progress.”
第二种观念，我把它们称为“进行中”的观念
12.Those are ideas which have been accepted but not implemented yet.
这些观念已经被人们接受 但尚未付诸实践
13.The third set of ideas are what I call as “ideas that we argue about” — ideas where we have a fight, an ideological battle about how to do things.
第三种观念，我把它们称为 “探讨中”的观念 我们对这些观念进行争论 争论在现实中是否应当实施这些观念
14.And the fourth thing, which I believe is most important, “ideas that we need to anticipate.”
第四种观念，也是我认为最重要的观念 是“我们有必要预先考虑到”的观念
15.Because when you are a developing country in the world where you can see the problems that other countries are having, you can actually anticipate
因为作为一个发展中国家 我们看着世界其他国家正在面临的问题 由此可以事先预见到
16.what that did and do things very differently.
问题将产生的后果 并调整工作方式来避免这些问题
17.Now in India’s case I believe there are six ideas which are responsible for where it has come today.
对印度来说，我认为有六种观念 造就了今天的印度
18.The first is really the notion of people.
第一个是对“人民”这一概念的理解
19.In the ’60s and ’70s we thought of people as a burden.
在六七十年代 “人民”对我们来说是一种压力
20.We thought of people as a liability.
是一种负担
21.Today we talk of people as an asset.
如今，“人民”对我们来说是一种资本
22.We talk of people as human capital.
“人民”对我们来说是一种人力资源
23.And I believe that this change in the mindset of looking at people as something of a burden, to human capital, has been one of the fundamental changes in the Indian mindset.
我相信，这种心态上的转变 这种“人民”由负担 向人力资源的转变 可以说是印度人民思想上最根本的改变
24.And this change in thinking of human capital is linked to the fact that India is going through a demographic dividend.
人力资源这一概念的转变 体现在现实生活中 就是印度正在享有的人口红利
25.As healthcare improves, as infant mortality goes down, fertility rates start dropping. And India is experiencing that.
随着医疗体系的完善 婴儿死亡率的下降 生育率开始降低。印度所处的正是这一阶段
26.India is going to have a lot of young people with a demographic dividend for the next 30 years.
印度会有很多 高人口红利的年轻人 出现在接下来的三十年里
27.What is unique about this demographic dividend is that India will be the only country in the world to have this demographic dividend.
这种人口红利的独特之处在于 印度将成为世界上唯一一个 拥有人口红利的国家
28.In other words, it will be the only young country in an aging world.
也就是说，印度将成为全球老龄化的趋势下唯一一个年轻国家
29.And this is very important. At the same time if you peel away the demographic dividend in India there are actually two demographic curves.
这是非常重要的一点。 另外 我们剖析印度人口红利的特点 就会发现存在着两个人口曲线
30.One is in the south and in the west of India, which is already going to be fully expensed by 2015 because in that part of the country, the fertility rate is
一个在印度南部和西部 2015年将达到最高峰 因为该地区的生育率
31.almost equal to that of a West-European country.
已与西欧国家基本持平
32.Then there is the whole northern India, which is going to be the bulk of the future demographic dividend.
另外一个在印度北部 它将成为未来人口红利的主体
33.But a demographic dividend is only as good as the investment in your human capital.
但这些人口红利 就像人力资源的投资一样
34.Only if the people have education, they have good health, they have infrastructure, they have roads to go to work, they have lights to study at night —
只有当人们接受良好教育 身体健康，基础设施完善 当他们上班道路畅通，夜晚学习灯火通明时
35.only in those cases can you really get the benefit of a demographic dividend.
只有在这些情况下，人们才能够受惠 才能够从人口红利中受益
36.In other words, if you don’t really invest in the human capital, the same demographic dividend can be a demographic disaster.
换句话说，如果我们不对这些人口红利进行投入 同样的人口红利 有可能就变成人口祸患了
37.Therefore India is at a critical point where either it can leverage its demographic dividend or it can lead to a demographic disaster.
因此，印度现在正处在关键的时候 假如不是推动促进其人口红利 就会走上人口祸患的道路
38.The second thing in India has been the change in the role of entrepreneurs.
第二点 印度改变了 对于企业家的定义
39.When India got independence entrepreneurs were seen as a bad lot, as people who would exploit.
印度刚独立时 企业家被看作是 一群剥削人民的败类
40.But today, after 60 years, because of the rise of entrepreneurship, entrepreneurs have become role models.
但如今，60年后，随着创业者的涌现 企业家已成为现实中的楷模
41.And they are contributing hugely to the society.
对社会做着巨大贡献
42.This exchange has contributed to the vitality and the whole economy.
这一改变促进了 整个经济体系的繁荣
43.The third big thing I believe that has changed India is our attitude towards the English language.
我认为改变印度的第三个观念 是我们对英语语言所持态度的改变
44.English language was seen as a language of the imperialists.
之前 英语被认为是帝国主义者的语言
45.But today with globalization, with outsourcing, English has become a language of aspiration.
但如今 全球化的背景下 外包业务增加 英语语言帮助人们实现抱负
46.This has made it something that everybody wants to learn.
成为了大家蜂拥学习的一技之长
47.And the fact that we have English is now becoming a huge strategic asset.
英语也逐渐转变成 我们巨大的战略性资本
48.The next thing is technology.
还有科技
49.40 years back, computers were seen as something which was forbidding, something which was intimidating, something that reduced jobs.
40年前，电脑给我们的印象是 令人畏惧 充满威胁的 人们会因此而失去工作
50.Today we live in a country which sells eight million mobile phones a month, of which 90 percent of those mobile phones are prepaid phones
今天 我们所在的国家 每月销售八百万手机 其中百分之九十 是预付费手机
51.because people don’t have credit history.
因为人们没有信用记录
52.40 percent of those prepaid phones are recharged at less than 20 cents at each recharge.
预付费手机中的百分之四十 每次充值少于20美分
53.That is the scale at which technology has liberated and made it accessible.
科技已经被大规模接受 完全自由化，并被广泛应用
54.And therefore technology has gone from being seen as something forbidding and intimidating to something that is empowering.
因此 一开始 被视作人类威胁并禁止使用的科技 逐渐赢得了人们的认可
55.20 years back, when there was a report on bank computerization, they didn’t name the report as a report on computers.
20年前 出台过一项有关银行计算机化的报告 人们没有把这份报告命名为 关于电脑的报告
56.They call them as ledger posting machines.
他们把电脑称为过账机
57.They didn’t want the unions to believe that they were actually computers.
他们不想让工会认为那是电脑
58.And when they wanted to have more advanced, more powerful computers they called them advanced ledger posting machines.
后来他们想要使用更高级更强大的电脑时 他们称其为高级过账机
59.So we have come a long way from those days where the telephone has become an instrument of empowerment and really has changed the way Indians think of technology.
之后 我们经历了很多 电话成为了一种赋权的工具 并真正改变了印度人们看待科技的态度
60.And then I think the other point is that Indians today are far more comfortable with globalization.
另一方面 现在的印度人民前所未有地 适应着全球化的发展
61.Again, after having lived for more than 200 years under the East India Company and under imperial rule, Indians had a very natural reaction towards globalization
有200多年的时间 印度人民生活在 东印度公司和帝国主义规则下 他们对全球化的正常反应
62.believing it was a form of imperialism.
就是认为那是一种帝国主义
63.But today as Indian companies go abroad as Indians come and work all over the world, Indians have gained a lot more confidence and have realized that globalization is something they can participate in.
但现在 很多印度公司往国外发展 印度人们走出来 在世界各地工作 他们增添了很多自信 并且意识到 他们可以参与到全球化的进程中
64.And the fact that the demographics are in our favor, because we are the only young country in an aging world, makes globalization all the more attractive to Indians.
我们在人口上有优势 因为我们是世界老龄化趋势下唯一的年轻国家 这使全球化对印度人民来说有着更大的吸引力
65.And finally, India has had the deepening of its democracy.
最后一点 印度正在经历 民主的不断深化
66.When democracy came to India 60 years back it was an elite concept.
当60年前 民主来到印度时 那只是一小部分人的观点
67.It was a bunch of people who wanted to bring in democracy because they wanted to bring in the idea of universal voting and parliament and constitution and so forth.
一小部分想把民主带进印度的人 因为他们想为印度带来不一样的观点 比如投票，议员，宪法等先进思想
68.But today democracy has become a bottom-up process where everybody has realized the benefits of having a voice, the benefits of being in an open society.
但现在 民主已经成为了从下向上的进程 每个人都意识到 拥有言论权的好处 和开放社会的优势
69.And therefore democracy has become embedded.
民主也就是这样深入人心的
70.I believe these six factors — the rise of the notion of population as human capital, the rise of Indian entrepreneurs, the rise of English as a language of aspiration,
我认为这六个观念 人力资源概念的产生 印度企业家的发展 英语语言成为人们的一技之长
71.technology as something empowering, globalization as a positive factor, and the deepening of democracy — has contributed to why India is today growing
科技成为一种赋权的手段 全球化开始发挥积极作用 以及民主的不断深化–这些都促成了 印度今天的进步
72.at rates it has never seen before.
今天这史无前例的快速发展
73.But having said that, then we come to what I call as ideas in progress.
话虽如此 接下来我们来看“进行中”的观念
74.Those are the ideas where there is no argument in a society, but you are not able to implement those things.
这些观念在社会中已经没有异议 但却无法得以实施
75.And really there are four things here.
有四种这样的观念
76.One is the question of education.
一是教育问题
77.For some reason, whatever reason, lack of money, lack of priorities, because of religion having an older culture primary education was never given the focus it required.
由于某些原因，不管什么样的原因，我们缺少资金 缺少优先重点，因为宗教有着更悠久的文化影响 初等教育没有得到应有的重视
78.But now I believe it’s reached a point where it has become very important.
但我觉得现在 到了十分关键的时刻
79.Unfortunately the government schools don’t function, so children are going to private schools today.
我们很遗憾地看到 政府的公立学校不能正常运行 当下，孩子们只能去私立学校
80.Even in the slums of India more than 50 percent of urban kids are going into private schools.
即使在印度的贫民窟 超过一半的城市孩子都去私立学校
81.So there is a big challenge in getting the schools to work.
所以学校正常运行是一个不小的挑战
82.But having said that, there is an enormous desire among everybody, including the poor, to educate their children.
即便如此，每个人都极其希望 穷人们也不例外，希望他们的孩子接受教育
83.So I believe primary education is an idea which is arrived but not yet implemented.
所以我认为 初等教育的观念 已经深入人心 但还未得以实施
84.Similarly, infrastructure.
类似地，基础设施建设也是如此
85.For a long time, infrastructure was not a priority.
很长一段时间以来，基础设施建设都不予优先考虑
86.Those of you who have been to India have seen that.
去过印度的人们都有所体会
87.It’s certainly not like China.
这和中国的情况是完全不同的
88.But today I believe finally infrastructure is something which is agreed upon and which people want to implement.
但现在 基础设施建设终于成为了 人们达成一致并希望实施的观念
89.It is reflected in the political statements.
这在官方声明中得以体现
90.20 years back the political slogan was, “Roti, kapra, makan,”
20年前的政治口号是”Roti,kapra,makan”
91.which meant, “Food, clothing and shelter.”
意思是“食物，衣服和住所”
92.And today’s political slogan is, “Bijli, sarak, paani,”
现在的政治口号是”Bijli,sarak,paani”
93.which means “Electricity, water and roads.”
意思是“电力，水利和公路”
94.And that is a change in the mindset where infrastructure is now accepted.
这就是思想上的转变 基础设施建设得到了肯定
95.So I do believe this is an idea which has arrived but simply not implemented.
所以我相信 这个观念已经得到了大家的认同 只是还没有落实而已
96.The third thing is again cities — it’s because Gandhi believed in villages and because the British ruled from the cities.
第三件事是城市 因为甘地重视农村 而英国殖民者从城市统治
97.Therefore Nehru thought of New Delhi as an un-Indian city.
因此尼赫鲁并没有把新德里当作典型的印度城市
98.For a long time we have neglected our cities.
长久以来 我们忽视城市建设
99.And that is reflected in the kinds of situations that you see.
大家从现实生活中可以看出
100.But today finally after economic reforms, and economic growth, I think the notion that cities are engines of economic growth, cities are engines of creativity,
但现在 经历了经济改革 和经济增长 城市拉动 经济增长 城市提高创造力
101.cities are engines of innovation, have finally been accepted.
城市促进创新精神 这些理论最终被人们所接受
102.And I think now you’re seeing the move towards improving our cities.
我觉得大家现在可以看到我们城市建设的趋势
103.Again, an idea which is arrived but not yet implemented.
这同样也是 已被大家接受但还未实现的观念
104.The final thing is the notion of India as a single market because when you didn’t think of India as a market, you didn’t really bother about a single market because it didn’t really matter.
最后一个概念 印度是一个单一的市场 因为当你不把印度当作一个市场的时候 你并不关心它是否单一 因为这并无所谓
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