1.We are wired to pursue happiness, not only to enjoy it, but to want more and more of it.
我们热衷于追求幸福， 不是只为了享受它，而是无止境地想要更多的幸福。
2.So given that that’s true, how good are we at increasing our happiness?
既然是这样，我们在增加幸福方面 做得如何呢？
3.Well, we certainly try.
嗯，我们当然在努力。
4.If you look on the Amazon site, there are over 2,000 titles with advice on the seven habits, the nine choices, the 14,000 thoughts that are supposed to bring happiness. There are so many books on it.
如果你上亚马逊网站，有超过2000本 宣称会给你带来幸福的书籍， 诸如七个习惯，九个选择， 14000个思维等。关于幸福的书太多了。
5.Now, another way we try to increase our happiness is we medicate ourselves.
另外一个增加幸福的方式是 通过药物。
6.And so there is over 120 million prescriptions out there right now for anti-depressants.
目前有超过1亿2千万人需要开 抗抑郁的药方。
7.Prozac was really the first absolutely blockbuster drug of the new psychopharmacology.
在新精神病药物学领域，百忧解的确是第一个真正的 轰动性药物。
8.It’s really the avatar of the new psychopharmacology.
它真的是新精神病药物学的代表。
9.It was clean, efficient, there was no high.
它无副作用而有效，并且不会让人兴奋。
10.There was really no danger. It had no street value.
百忧解确实是无害的，不会被当毒品用。
11.And then we have, of course, the last way of increasing happiness for some.
然后呢，当然对某些人来说，我们还有增加幸福的最后方式。
12.In 1995, illegal drugs were a 400 billion dollar business, representing eight percent of world trade, roughly the same as gas and oil.
1995年，毒品贸易额达到4000亿美元， 占世界贸易的百分之8， 跟石油天然气市场份额差不多。
13.If all else fails, people just want to get obliterated.
如果追求幸福的其他方式都失败了，人们就只想自暴自弃。
14.So far these routes to happiness haven’t really increased happiness very much.
到目前为止，这些幸福之路并没能引导我们实现更多幸福
15.I don’t have to speak for these cartoons; they kind of say what’s going on here.
我不需要解释这些卡通；你们懂的。
16.Basically the happiness from a pill stays with the pill.
基本上，药物只在服用期间有效。
17.Anyone who goes off an anti-depressant or other medication immediately tends to relapse.
停止服用抗抑郁或其他药物的人们 会很快复发。
18.And then of course, the other self-help books you see.
当然，还有这些成堆的自助类书籍。
19.One problem that’s happening now is, although the rates of happiness are about as flat as the surface of the moon, depression and anxiety are rising.
现有的一个问题是， 尽管幸福指数一直没什么变化，差不多跟月球表面一样平， 但是抑郁和焦虑却在上升。
20.Despite that we are in a world with so much more material wealth, much safer, better health, and all kinds of pharmaceuticals and treatments for mental illness,
尽管我们所处的世界拥有更多的物质财富， 人们感觉更加安全，更加健康， 有各种各样用来治疗精神疾病的药物和疗法，
21.we’re still seeing rises in depression and anxiety.
然而我们仍然发现抑郁和焦虑在增加。
22.Some people say this is because we have better diagnosis, and more people are being found out.
有些人认为这是因为我们有了更好的诊断， 于是发现了更多的病人。
23.It isn’t just that. We’re seeing it all over the world.
并不只是这样。我们发现这种情况遍布世界。
24.In the United States right now there are more suicides than homicides.
现在在美国， 自杀案例比谋杀案例多。
25.There is a rash of suicide in China.
而中国的自杀人数也急剧增加。
26.And the World Health Organization predicts that, by 2020, depression will be the second largest cause of disability-related years lost, after ischemic heart disease.
据世界卫生组织预计，到2020年， 在失能相关的健康生命损失方面， 抑郁将排在缺血性心脏病之后，成为第二大原因。
27.Happiness stays the same as ever.
而幸福则一直没什么变化。
28.Now the good news here is that if you take surveys from around the world, we find that more people are happy than not.
好消息是，如果你在世界范围内 作调查， 我们发现幸福的人较多。
29.And so these — I just took these random charts from Britain — this one is from the Unites States.
那么这些图表——我拿了一些英国的随机调查图表—— 这张是美国的。
30.And we see that about three quarters of people will say they are at least pretty happy, the majority.
我们发现大约四分之三的人 会认为他们至少是比较幸福的，占大多数。
31.But this does not follow any of the usual trends.
但调查结果却与普遍流行的所有观点都矛盾。
32.For example, these two show great growth in income, absolutely flat happiness curves.
譬如说，这两张显示随着收入的极大提高， 表示幸福感的曲线则完全没有变化。
33.So more money doesn’t seem to be doing anything to increase happiness level.
所以更多的钱似乎 对增加幸福水平没有什么作用。
34.Well, my field, the field of psychology, hasn’t done a whole lot to help us move forward in understanding human happiness.
嗯，我的研究领域，即心理学 并没有在帮助我们理解幸福方面 作出很多贡献。
35.In part, we have the legacy of Freud, who was a pessimist, who said that pursuit of happiness is a doomed quest, is propelled by infantile aspects
部分原因包括，我们深受弗洛伊德的影响，而他是一个悲观主义者， 他认为追求幸福是注定不会有结果的， 其只不过是受个体婴儿期特征推动，
36.of the individual that can never be met in reality.
但绝无可能在现实中实现。
37.He said, “One feels inclined to say that the intention that man should be happy is not included in the plan of creation.”
他说，“人们倾向于认为人类应该幸福的考虑， 并不包括在造物主的计划之中。“
38.So the ultimate goal of psychoanalytic psychotherapy was really what Freud called ordinary misery.
因此心理分析疗法的终极目标 其实是让人们恢复到弗洛伊德所称的“正常痛苦”的状态。
39.(Laughter) It in part reflects the anatomy of the human emotion system.
（笑声） 这在部分上反映了人类情绪系统的结构。
40.Which is that we have both a positive and a negative system.
即我们同时拥有正面和负面的情绪系统。
41.And our negative system is extremely sensitive.
而我们的负面情绪系统是极度敏感的。
42.It is our sentinel. It is there to protect us against danger.
负面情绪系统是我们的警卫。它使我们远离危险。
43.So for example, we’re born loving the taste of something sweet, and reacting adversely to the taste of something bitter.
举例来说，我们天生 喜欢甜的东西， 厌恶苦的东西。
44.Yet we are much more sensitive to the bitter than the sweet.
然而我们对苦味要比对甜味敏感得多。
45.We can detect the bitter at one part per two million.
我们对苦的敏感度是两百万分之一。
46.We can detect the sweet at one part per 200.
我们对甜的敏感度只有二百分之一。
47.We also find the people are more averse to losing than they are happy to gain.
我们也发现人们对丧失的厌恶程度 要大于他们对获得的高兴程度。
48.People are very loss-averse.
人们非常厌恶失去。
49.I also have up here the marriage formula.
我这儿也有一个婚姻公式。
50.This is by a psychologist named John Gottman, in Seattle, who does work with couples, in couples therapy.
这是西雅图的一个叫John Gottman的心理学家做的， 他是做夫妻治疗的。
51.And he finds that the formula for a happy marriage is five positive remarks, or interactions, for every one negative.
他发现了一个幸福婚姻的公式， 即五次正面的谈话或互动， 才能抵消一次负面的。
52.(Laughter) And that’s how powerful the one negative is.
（笑声） 可见这一次负面的力量是多么强大。
53.Especially expressions of contempt or disgust, well you really need a lot of positives to upset that.
尤其是表达蔑视或厌恶， 这需要用好多好多正面的东西来中和。
54.I also put in here the stress response.
在这里我也谈一下应激反应。
55.We’re wired for dangers that are immediate, that are physical, that are imminent, and so our body goes into an incredible reaction where endogenous opiates come in.
我们对直接的、身体的、紧迫的危险的反应是紧绷的， 我们的身体会进入一种惊人的应对状态， 这时脑内会释放内生性鸦片物质。
56.They are there to douse pain.
这些物质产生镇痛作用。
57.Our blood vessels constrict so we won’t bleed.
我们的血管收缩，防止流血。
58.Our heart pumps to get muscles to our legs.
我们的心跳加速，双腿有力。
59.Now all of these things are fine, if we’re confronting a saber-toothed tiger.
所有这些反应都是好的，如果我们是面对一只牙尖利齿的老虎的话。
60.But if someone is giving a violin recital, or arguing with their spouse, we have a system that is really ancient, and really there for physical danger.
但如果是某人在开小提琴演奏会， 或与配偶争吵时， 我们的情绪反应系统就真的过时了， 其实它本是用来应付人身受威胁的情况的。
61.And so over time, this becomes a stress response, which has enormous effects on the body.
长此已久，这就变成应激反应， 对我们的身体有巨大的影响。
62.Cortisol floods the brain.
大脑产生大量皮质醇。
63.It destroys hippocampal cells and memory.
海马区细胞和记忆遭到破坏。
64.And it can lead to all kinds of health problems.
而且可以引起各种各样的健康问题。
65.But, unfortunately, we need this system in part.
但不幸的是，在某种程度上，我们需要这个系统。
66.If we were only governed by pleasure we would not survive.
如果我们只由快乐主导， 那我们是无法生存的。
67.As I said, we really have two command posts.
如我前面所说，我们确实有两个指挥所。
68.Emotions are short-lived intense responses to challenge and to opportunity.
情绪是面对挑战和机会 而产生的短暂的强烈反应。
69.And each one of them allows us to click into alternate selves that tune in, turn on, drop out thoughts, perceptions, feelings and memories.
每个情绪都让我们转变成不同的自我， 来调整，启动，放弃某些 思维，感知，情感和回忆。
70.We tend to think of emotions as just feelings.
我们倾向于把情绪理解成只是情感。
71.But in fact emotions are an all-systems alert that change what we remember, what kind of decisions we make, and how we perceive things.
但实际上情绪是一个对所有系统的警觉， 它改变我们的记忆 我们所做的决定 以及我们如何看待事物。
72.So let me go forward to the new science of happiness.
下面我要讲一下新幸福科学。
73.We’ve come away from the Freudian gloom.
我们已远离弗洛伊德学说的悲观。
74.And people are now actively studying this.
现在人们开始积极地研究幸福。
75.And one of the key points in the science of happiness is that happiness and unhappiness are not endpoints of a single continuum.
幸福科学的关键之一是 幸福与痛苦并非 一个连续体的两端。
76.The Freudian model is really one continuum that, as you get less miserable, you get happier. And that isn’t true.
而弗洛伊德模式其实是一个连续体， 认为当你痛苦减少时， 你就变得更幸福。但这是错的。
77.When you get less miserable, you get less miserable.
当你的痛苦减少时，你就是痛苦减少而已。
78.And that happiness is a whole other end of the equation.
而幸福则处在完全不同的一个系统中。
79.And it’s been missing. It’s been missing from psychotherapy.
而我们一直把它给忽略了。心理治疗把它给忽略了。
80.So when people’s symptoms go away, they tend to recur.
于是当人们的心理症状消失后，他们容易复发。
81.Because there isn’t a sense of the other half, of what pleasure, happiness, compassion, gratitude, what are the positive emotions.
因为我们对另一半系统没有在意， 即快乐，幸福，同情，感恩等等 正面的情绪。
82.And of course we know this intuitively, that happiness is not just the absence of misery.
当然，我们凭直觉而知 幸福并不只等同于没有痛苦。
83.But somehow it was not put forward until very recently, seeing these as two parallel systems.
但阴错阳差，这个观点一直到最近才提出来， 即把幸福和痛苦看成两个平行的系统。
84.So that the body can both look for opportunity and also protect itself from danger, at the same time.
所以身体既可以寻找有利机会， 又可以面对危险保护自身，两者可以同时进行。
85.And they sort of two reciprocal and dynamically interacting systems.
它们似乎是两个相反相成的系统。
86.People have also wanted to deconstruct.
人们也一直想解构幸福。
87.We use this word “happy” and it’s this very large umbrella of a term.
我们所说的“幸福”这个词包含了许多东西。
88.And it can be deconstructed into — this is one recent suggestion — the sensory pleasures, amusement, contentment, relief, excitement,
它可以被分解成以下几个组成部分—— 这是一个比较新的建议—— 感官愉悦，娱乐， 满足，解脱，兴奋，
89.wonder, awe, ecstasy — from the carnal to the spiritual — elevation, gratitude, compassion.
惊奇，惊叹，狂喜——从肉体到精神—— 升华，感恩，同情。
90.These are from Paul Eckman’s recent work.
以上摘自Paul Eckman的近期研究。
91.And then three emotions for which there are no English words.
还有三种情绪，它们在英语里没有对应词汇
92.Fiero, which is the pride in accomplishment of a challenge.
Fiero 完成挑战后的成就感。
93.Schadenfreude, which is happiness in another’s misfortune, a malicious pleasure.
Schadenfreude 幸灾乐祸，一种恶意的快乐。
94.And naches, for all people who know this word, is a pride and joy in one’s children.
还有naches 有些人知道这个词， 它指的是因子女产生的自豪和喜悦。
95.Absent from this list, and absent from any discussions of happiness are happiness in another’s happiness.
这个列表和任何关于幸福的讨论所共同缺少的是， 因他人的幸福而幸福。
96.We don’t seem to have a word for that.
我们好像没有一个用来形容这种幸福的单词。
97.And I find that most distressing.
对此，我觉得非常不幸。
98.We are very sensitive to the negative, but it is in part offset by the fact that we have a positivity offset.
我们对负面事物非常敏感， 但我们积极的一面能对此 作出一定程度的抵消。
99.That is, most people are above the average in happiness.
结果是，大多数人的幸福感在中等以上。
100.Although we’re very sensitive to the negative, we start out a little above the average in positivity.
尽管我们对负面事物非常敏感， 但我们在对正面事物的感知上，是中等以上的。
101.We’re also born pleasure-seekers.
我们也是生来就追求快乐的。
102.As I said, babies love the taste of sweet and hate the taste of bitter.
像我前面讲的，婴儿喜欢甜味， 讨厌苦味。
103.They love to touch smooth surfaces rather than rough ones.
他们喜欢触摸光滑的而不是粗糙的表面。
104.They like to look at beautiful faces rather than plain faces.
他们喜欢看漂亮的脸 而不是普通的脸。
105.They like to listen to consonant melodies instead of dissonant melodies.
他们喜欢听和谐的音乐而不是杂乱的音乐。
106.Babies really are born with a lot of innate pleasures.
婴儿生来就有许多固有的喜悦。
107.People are also born with different temperaments.
人们天生有不同的气质。
108.And so they say we have this approach and avoidance system.
所以专家们说我们有这个趋利避害系统。
109.And some people have a primed-up approach system.
有些人天生是趋利系统。
110.And some people have a primed-up avoidance system.
有些人天生是避害系统。
111.So here we have an example of someone, you know, born with an avoidance system.
我们在这儿举个例子， 这个人天生是避害系统。
112.There’s a lot of talk now, in the science of happiness about is it all genes?
在幸福科学里，目前存在许多关于 基因作用到底多大的讨论。
113.And there was once a statement made by a psychologist that said that 80 percent of the pursuit of happiness is really just about the genes.
曾有一个心理学家声称， 在对幸福的追求上， 百分之80是由基因决定的。
114.And it’s as difficult to become happier as it is to become taller.
说增加幸福跟增加身高几乎一样困难。
115.That’s nonsense.
这简直胡说八道。
116.There is a decent contribution to happiness from the genes, about 50 percent.
基因是对幸福有相当的作用，大约百分之50。
117.But there is still that 50 percent that is unaccounted for.
但仍有百分之50是未定的。
118.And even something such as intelligence, height, all kinds of things that have genetic — predetermined — also can increase quite a bit.
即便是诸如智商，身高等 受基因限制的特征—— 天生注定的一些特征——也能后天改进
119.So that doesn’t limit us to the happiness we now have.
所以基因并不会限制我们现有的幸福程度。
120.Let’s just go into the brain for a moment, and see where does happiness arise from in evolution.
让我们花点时间进入大脑， 看看从进化的角度，幸福来自哪里。
121.We have basically at least two systems here.
基本上我们至少有两个系统。
122.And they both are very ancient.
它们都很古老。
123.One is the reward system.
其中一个是奖励系统。
124.And that is fed by the chemical dopamine.
由多巴胺这种化学物质驱动。
125.And it starts in the ventral tegmental area.
它产生于腹侧盖区。
126.it goes to the nucleus accumbens, all the way up to the prefrontal cortex, orbital frontal cortex, where decisions are made, high level.
进入伏隔核，一直到前额皮质， 前额脑区底部，也就是大脑作高级决策的部位。
127.This was originally seen as a system that was the pleasure system of the brain.
最初我们把它看成一个 大脑的愉悦系统。
128.In the 1950s Olds and Milner put electrodes into the brain of a rat.
在50年代，Olds和Milner 把电极插入老鼠的大脑。
129.And the rat would just keep pressing that bar thousands and thousands and thousands of times.
老鼠会持续按那个开关条， 成千上万次地按。
130.It wouldn’t eat. It wouldn’t sleep. It wouldn’t have sex.
它不吃，不睡，不交配。
131.It wouldn’t do anything but press this bar.
它除了按开关条，什么也不做。
132.So they assumed, well, it must really — this must be, you know, the brain’s orgasmatron.
所以研究者假设，这个部位真的是—— 一定是，大脑的高潮诱导器。
133.It turned out that it wasn’t.
结果不是。
134.That is really is a system of motivation, a system of wanting.
它其实是一个激励系统，一个欲求系统。
135.It’s a part of the brain that says, “I need this to survive.”
相当于大脑的一部分在说， “我需要靠它生存。”
136.It gives objects what’s called incentive salience.
它为实验对象提供了所谓的显著激励
137.It makes something look so attractive that you just have to go after it.
它使某事物看起来太诱人，以至于让你不得不去追求。
138.That’s something different from the system that is the pleasure system.
这跟愉悦系统 是不一样的。
139.Which simply says, “I like this.
愉悦系统只是简单地说，“我喜欢这个。
140.This feels good. This sounds good.
这个感觉挺好。这个听起来很好。
141.I’m enjoying this. I feel safe. I feel warm. I feel good.”
我很享受这个。我觉得很安全，很温暖，很好。“
142.The pleasure system, as you see, which is the internal opiates, there is a hormone oxytocin, is widely spread throughout the brain.
愉悦系统，如你所见， 是指内生性鸦片物质，其中有荷尔蒙后叶催产素， 遍布整个大脑。
143.But the dopamine system, the wanting system, is much more centralized to this area, the pleasure pathway.
但多巴胺系统，即欲求系统， 更加集中在这个区域， 愉悦通路。
144.The other thing about positive emotions is that they have a universal signal.
关于积极情绪的另一个特点是，它们都有一个通用标志。
145.And we see here the smile.
我们来看这个微笑。
146.And the universal signal is not just raising the corner of the lips into the zygomatic major.
这个通用标志不只是将嘴角上翘 至颧骨肌。
147.It’s also crinkling the outer corner of the eye, the orbicularis oculi.
它还包括外眼角起皱， 这是由于眼轮匝肌的作用。
148.And can anyone tell which one is the fake and the real smile on top here?
有谁能辨别出上图中哪个是假笑 哪个是真笑？
149.Yes. Yes, it’s B.
是的，是B。
150.This was originally done by the neurologist Duchenne in the 19th century.
19世纪神经病学专家Duchenne最初做了这项研究。
151.He had a man who was insensitive to pain.
他找到一个对疼痛麻木的人。
152.He stimulated every muscle on his face.
对他脸上的每根肌肉进行刺激。
153.He noticed that when he just raised his lips, he was grinning, but he didn’t look happy.
他发现当此人只是翘起嘴角时，他在咧嘴笑， 但看上去并不高兴。
154.And since then people have looked at this expression and find that this seems to be the mark of true happiness.
自那以后，人们就研究这个表情， 并且发现似乎这个表情才是真正高兴的标志。
155.So you see, even 10-month-old babies, when they see their mother, will show this particular kind of smile.
所以，大家看，即使10月大的婴儿在看见母亲的时候， 也会露出这种特点的微笑。
156.Extroverts use it more than introverts.
外向型的人比内向型的人更多使用这种微笑。
157.People who are relieved of depression show it more after than before.
从抑郁中解脱的人们比解脱之前更多地展露这种微笑。
158.So if you want to unmask a true look of happiness, you will look for this expression.
所以，如果你想揭开幸福真正的样子， 就去找这个表情吧。
159.I also want to make the point that our pleasures are really ancient.
我还想说的是，我们感知的快乐真的是很古老的。
160.And we learn, of course, many many pleasures.
当然，我们会习得许多许多的愉悦方式。
161.But many of them are biased. And one of them, of course, is biophilia.
但许多快乐是有倾向的。其中一项，当然就是，热爱生命的天性。
162.That we have a response to the natural world that’s very profound.
即我们对自然世界有一种 深刻的感觉。
163.We have a response to human beauty.
我们对人的美貌有感觉。
164.More people in the United States attend zoos than they do all of the national sporting events.
美国人去动物园的次数， 要比他们去看所有国内体育赛事的次数要多。
165.People love to be part of the natural world.
人们喜欢融入自然界。
166.And this is very much a part of us.
这的确是我们的天性之一。
167.There were very interesting studies done on people recovering from surgery, who found that people who faced — this was published in “Science” — people who faced a brick wall,
针对手术后恢复的病人，研究人员做了一些非常有趣的研究， 该项研究发表在《科学》杂志上， 研究发现，对比窗外是砖墙的病人
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