1.I thought I’d start with telling you or showing you the people who started [Jet Propulsion Lab].
我想我还是首先介绍那些创建喷气推进实验室的人们。
2.When they were a bunch of kids, they were kind of very imaginative, very adventurous, as they were trying at Caltech to mix chemicals
那时这些人还是一群孩子， 他们富于想象力和冒险精神， 当时他们在加州理工大学，调配化合物
3.and see which one blows up more.
看看哪种调配爆炸威力大一些。
4.Well, I don’t recommend that you try to do that now.
不过，我可不想让各位模仿。
5.Naturally, they blew up a shack, and Caltech, well, then, hey, you go to the Arroyo and really do all your tests in there.
自然的，他们炸了一个小屋子，和加州理工，然后， 喂，你们到干河床去，那里你们可以做所有试验。
6.So, that’s what we call our first five employees during the tea break, you know, in here.
这就是我们首批五名雇员 在茶歇的时候。
7.As I said, they were adventurous people.
如我所言，他们都是爱冒险的家伙。
8.As a matter of fact, one of them, who was, kind of, part of a cult which was not too far from here on Orange Grove, and unfortunately he blew up himself because he kept mixing chemicals
实际上，其中他们中的一个，是个邪教徒(Jack Parsons) 就在历此不远的奥兰治格罗夫， 倒霉的是他把自己炸上了天，因为他一边调配炸药
9.and trying to figure out which ones were the best chemicals.
一边想搞明白哪种是最好的炸药。
10.So, that gives you a kind of flavor of the kind of people we have there.
所以您就了解 我们那里都是哪类人。
11.We try to avoid blowing ourselves up.
我们得小心，别把自己炸上天。
12.This one I thought I’d show you.
这个我想我展示过。
13.Guess which one is a JPL employee in the heart of this crowd.
猜猜这群人中谁是喷气推进实验室的雇员。
14.I tried to come like him this morning, but as I walked out, then it was too cold, and I said, I’d better put my shirt back on.
今天早上，我也想像他一样光膀子来， 不过走出来就觉得太凉快了， 所以我还是穿上我的衬衫吧。
15.But more importantly, the reason I wanted to show this picture: look where the other people are looking, and look where he is looking.
不过我展示这张照片更重要的原因是： 看其他人看哪里， 再看看他看哪里。
16.Wherever anybody else looks, look somewhere else, and go do something different, you know, and doing that.
不管别人看什么，我们看其他的 做与众不同的事。
17.And that’s kind of what has been the spirit of what we are doing.
这就是我们做事的精神。
18.And I want to tell you a quote from Ralph Emerson that one of my colleagues, you know, put on my wall in my office, and it says, “Do not go where the path may lead.
有句拉尔夫?爱默生（美国散文作家、思想家、诗人）的名言 我的一个同事，把它挂在了我办公室的墙上， 写道：“不要去那些有路可通的地方，而是去那些无路可通的地方并且留下你的足迹”
19.Go instead where there is no path, and leave a trail.”
写道：“不要去那些有路可通的地方，而是去那些无路可通的地方并且留下你的足迹”
20.And that’s my recommendation to all of you: look what everybody is doing, what they are doing; go do something completely different.
这就是我向大家推荐的： 看看别人都在做什么， 然后做与众不同的。
21.Don’t try to improve a little bit on what somebody else is doing, because that doesn’t get you very far.
不要只是想改进一点别人的东西， 因为那样你不会取得很大成就。
22.In our early days we used to work a lot on rockets, but we also used to have a lot of parties, you know.
早些年间，我们常常在火箭上下功夫， 不过我们也常常搞一些聚会。
23.As you can see, one of our parties, you know, a few years ago.
你看，这是几年前的一场聚会。
24.But then a big difference happened about 50 years ago, after Sputnik was launched. We launched the first American satellite, and that’s the one you see on the left in there.
不过50年前，发生了一件不同凡响的事， 苏联人造卫星发射后。我们发射了第一颗美国卫星， 卫星就在左边的照片里。
25.And here we made 180 degrees change: we changed from a rocket house to be an exploration house.
从此我们180度大转弯： 我们从一个火箭研究机构，变为一个探索机构。
26.And that was done over a period of a couple of years, and now we are the leading organization, you know, exploring space on all of your behalf.
这个转变几年内就完成了， 现在我们成了最重要的组织， 代表你们所有人探索太空。
27.But even when we did that, we had to remind ourselves, sometimes there are setbacks.
不过即使在我们做事的时候，我们也要提醒自己， 挫折在所难免。
28.So you see, on the bottom, that rocket was supposed to go upward; somehow it ended going sideways.
你看，下面，火箭本应该向上飞的， 不过有时候却跑偏了。
29.So that’s what we call the misguided missile.
我们称之为误导导弹。
30.But then also, just to celebrate that, we started an event at JPL for “Miss Guided Missile.”
后来，为了纪念一下， 我搞了个“误导导弹小姐”的活动
31.So, we used to have a celebration every year and select — there used to be competition and parades and so on.
所以，我们每年都搞一次活动 选美，游行诸如此类的。
32.It’s not very appropriate to do it now. Some people tell me to do it; I think, well, that’s not really proper, you know, these days.
现在不合适。有人告诉我搞。 我考虑最近不太合适。
33.So, we do something a little bit more serious.
我们做一些更严肃的事。
34.And that’s what you see in the last Rose Bowl, you know, when we entered one of the floats.
你看到的就是上次玫瑰花球(rose ball)， 我们的火星车上了彩车。
35.That’s more on the play side. And on the right side, that’s the Rover just before we finished its testing to take it to the Cape to launch it.
左面的是娱乐。右面是 火星车刚完成测试 准备运道卡纳维拉尔角发射。
36.These are the Rovers up here that you have on Mars now.
图上的火星车就是现在在火星的那辆。
37.So that kind of tells you about, kind of, the fun things, you know, and the serious things that we try to do.
这就是告诉大家，我们做的娱乐和正经事。 这就是告诉大家，我们做的娱乐和正经事。
38.But I said I’m going to show you a short clip of one of our employees to kind of give you an idea about some of the talent that we have.
不过我要播放的短片 拍的是我们的一个雇员，给你一个我们中一些天才的印象。 拍的是我们的一个雇员，给你一个我们中一些天才的印象。
39.Video: Morgan Hendry: Beware of Safety is an instrumental rock band.
视频：Morgan Hendry: “Beware of Safety”是一个器乐摇滚乐队。 视频：Morgan Hendry: “Beware of Safety”是一个器乐摇滚乐队。
40.It branches on more the experimental side.
乐风偏向实验音乐。
41.There’s the improvisational side of jazz.
有即兴爵士乐元素。
42.There’s the heavy-hitting sound of rock.
有重打击摇滚乐元素。
43.Being able to treat sound as an instrument, and be able to dig for more abstract sounds and things to play live, mixing electronics and acoustics.
把声音向乐器一样处理，可以挖掘 更多的抽象声音使演奏更生动， 混合了电声乐器和原生乐器。
44.The music’s half of me, but the other half — I landed probably the best gig of all.
我的工作一半是音乐，另一半也是是最棒的。 我的工作一半是音乐，另一半也是是最棒的。
45.I work for the Jet Propulsion Lab. I’m building the next Mars Rover.
我在喷气推进实验室工作。我参与制造火星车。
46.Some of the most brilliant engineers I know are the ones who have that sort of artistic quality about them.
我知道一些最富才气的工程师，也拥有艺术素质。 我知道一些最富才气的工程师，也拥有艺术素质。
47.You’ve got to do what you want to do.
做你想做的事。
48.And anyone who tells you you can’t, you don’t listen to them.
要是有人说你不行，你不要听他们的。
49.Maybe they’re right – I doubt it.
没准他们正确，不过我怀疑它。
50.Tell them where to put it, and then just do what you want to do.
告诉他们放心，然后做你想做的。
51.I’m Morgan Hendry. I am NASA.
我叫Morgan Hendry。我是NASA人。
52.Charles Elachi: Now, moving from the play stuff to the serious stuff, always people ask, why do we explore?
查尔斯·埃拉奇：现在先离开娱乐的东西，转到正事上来。 人们老是问我们，我们为什么要探索？
53.Why are we doing all of these missions and why are we exploring them?
我们为什么做这些任务，为什么探索它们？
54.Well, the way I think about it is fairly simple.
我想原因其实挺简单的。
55.Somehow, 13 billion years ago there was a Big Bang, and you’ve heard a little bit about, you know, the origin of the universe.
130亿年前的宇宙大爆炸，您听说过一些也就是宇宙的起源。 130亿年前的宇宙大爆炸，您听说过一些也就是宇宙的起源。
56.But somehow what strikes everybody’s imagination — or lots of people’s imagination — somehow from that original Big Bang we have this beautiful world that we live in today.
不过触动每个人想象力 或者很多人想象力的是，从宇宙大爆炸起 直到我们拥有这个我们生存的美丽世界。
57.You look outside: you have all that beauty that you see, all that life that you see around you, and here we have intelligent people like you and I
您看看外面：您拥有所有的美景， 您身边所有的生命， 地球上有智慧的人类，如你和我
58.who are having an intelligent conversation here.
在这里进行智慧的谈话。
59.All that started from that Big Bang. So, the question is: How did that happen? How did that evolve? How did the universe form?
所有这一切起源于宇宙大爆炸。所以问题是： 怎么发生的？如何进化的？宇宙怎么形成的？
60.How did the galaxies form? How did the planets form?
星系如何形成的？行星如何形成的？
61.Why is there a planet on which there is life which have evolved?
为什么有个星球就有进化了的生命？
62.Is that very common?
这种现象普遍吗?
63.Is there life on every planet that you can see around the stars?
可见的围绕恒星运行的每个行星上都有生命吗?
64.So we literally are all made out of stardust.
本质上我们都是由星尘构成的。
65.We started from those stars; we are made of stardust.
我们起源于星星，我们由星尘构成。
66.So, next time you are really depressed, look in the mirror and you can look and say, hi, I’m looking at a star here.
所以，下次您很沮丧的时候，照照镜子 您可以边看边说，Hi，我在看一颗星（明星）。
67.You can skip the dust part.
您可以跳过尘埃这段。
68.But literally, we are all made of stardust.
不过本质上，我们都是由星尘构成。
69.So, what we are trying to do in our exploration is effectively write the book of how things have came about as they are today.
所以，我们所进行的探索，实际上就是在撰写事物进化至今的书。 所以，我们所进行的探索，实际上就是在撰写事物进化至今的书。
70.And one of the first, or the easiest, places we can go and explore that is to go towards Mars.
首选的，或者说最容易的，我们可以去火星探索。 首选的，或者说最容易的，我们可以去火星探索。
71.And the reason Mars takes particular attention: it’s not very far from us.
之所以火星引起特别的关注： 因为它离我们不远。
72.You know, it’ll take us only six months to get there.
你知道，仅六个月我们就可以到那里。
73.Six to nine months at the right time of the year.
在合适的年份需要六到九个月。
74.It’s a planet somewhat similar to Earth. It’s a little bit smaller, but the land mass on Mars is about the same as the land mass on Earth, you know,
火星是个类似地球的星球。稍微小一点儿， 火星的组成和地球很相似 火星的组成和地球很相似
75.if you don’t take the oceans into account.
如果不算上海洋的话。（火星没有海洋）
76.It has polar caps. It has an atmosphere somewhat thinner than ours, so it has weather. So, it’s very similar to some extent, and you can see some of the features on it,
火星有极地冰冠。有大气，比地球的要稀薄， 所以有天气变化。某些方面与地球非常类似 您可以看到类似的地形，
77.like the Grand Canyon on Mars, or what we call the Grand Canyon on Mars.
诸如火星上的大峡谷， 或者我们所称的火星大峡谷。
78.It is like the Grand Canyon on Earth, except a hell of a lot larger.
很象地球上的（美国）大峡谷，不过要大的多。
79.So it’s about the size, you know, of the United States.
就大小来说，有美国那么大。
80.It has volcanoes on it. And that’s Mount Olympus on Mars, which is a kind of huge volcanic shield on that planet.
火星上有火山。火星上的奥林匹斯山， 是一个巨型的盾状火山。
81.And if you look at the height of it and you compare it to Mount Everest, you see, it’ll give you an idea of how large that Mount Olympus, you know, is,
就高度来说 您可以对比一下珠穆朗玛峰， 相对于珠穆朗玛峰，奥林匹斯山有多巨大。
82.relative to Mount Everest.
相对于珠穆朗玛峰，奥林匹斯山有多巨大。
83.So, it basically dwarfs, you know, Mount Everest here on Earth.
地球上的珠穆朗玛峰相形见绌。
84.So, that gives you an idea of the tectonic events or volcanic events which have happened on that planet.
给您那个星球上的构造活动和火山活动的印象。 给您那个星球上的构造活动和火山活动的印象。
85.Recently from one of our satellites, this shows that it’s Earth-like — we caught a landslide occurring as it was happening.
最近我们的一颗卫星抓拍到了，类似地球上滑坡的发生。 最近我们的一颗卫星抓拍到了，类似地球上滑坡的发生。
86.So it is a dynamic planet, and activity is going on as we speak today.
所以它是一个动态行星， 在我们说话的时候活动还在进行。
87.And these Rovers, people wonder now, what are they doing today, so I thought I would show you a little bit what they are doing.
关于火星车，人们想知道，它们现在做什么呢， 所以我要展示一些火星车的近况。
88.This is one very large crater. Geologists love craters, because craters are like digging a big hole in the ground without really working at it,
这是一个大陨石坑。地质学家喜欢陨石坑， 因为陨石坑就像是凭空在地上挖个大坑。 因为陨石坑就像是凭空在地上挖个大坑。
89.and you can see what’s below the surface.
您可以看到地表以下。
90.So, this is called Victoria Crater, which is about a few football fields in size.
这就是叫做”维多利亚”坑的火星陨石坑， 有几个足球场大小。
91.And if you look at the top left, you see a little teeny dark dot.
如果您仔细看左上部，就会看到一个小黑点儿。
92.This picture was taken from an orbiting satellite.
这张照片拍自一颗在轨卫星。
93.If I zoom on it, you can see: that’s the Rover on the surface.
我放大的话，您就可以看到：这就是在地表的火星车。
94.So, that was taken from orbit; we had the camera zoom on the surface, and we actually saw the Rover on the surface.
这是从轨道上拍到的，我们可以让相机放大地表， 我们可以看到地表上的火星车。
95.And we actually used the combination of the satellite images and the Rover to actually conduct science, because we can observe large areas
我们实际上综合卫星和火星车的照片来指导科学探索， 我们实际上综合卫星和火星车的照片来指导科学探索， 因为这样我们可以观测到很大一片区域
96.and then you can get those Rovers to move around and basically go to a certain location.
然后就可以开动火星车移动到某一特定地点。 然后就可以开动火星车移动到某一特定地点。
97.So, specifically what we are doing now is that Rover is going down in that crater.
所以我们现在要做的就是让火星车下到坑里去。 所以我们现在要做的就是让火星车下到坑里去。
98.As I told you, geologists love craters.
如我所言，地质学家爱陨石坑。
99.And the reason is, many of you went to the Grand Canyon, and you see in the wall of the Grand Canyon, you see these layers.
原因是，你们中很多人到过大峡谷， 在大峡谷的石壁上，您可以看到很多地层。
100.And what these layers — that’s what the surface used to be a million years ago, ten million years ago, a hundred million years ago, and you get deposits on top of them.
这些地层，就是一百万年前一千万年前或一亿年前的地表， 这些地层，就是一百万年前一千万年前或一亿年前的地表， 您可以从上面提取沉积物。
101.So if you can read the layers it’s like reading your book, and you can learn the history of what happened in the past in that location.
如果你仔细看这些地层，就像是在看一本历史书， 您可以学到这里过去历史上发生的事件。 您可以学到这里过去历史上发生的事件。
102.So what you are seeing here are the layers on the wall of that crater, and the Rover is going down now, measuring, you know, the properties and analyzing the rocks
您所看到的就是陨石坑坑壁的地层， 火星车准备下去测量， 下到坑里测量岩石的属性和成分。
103.as it’s going down, you know, that canyon.
下到坑里测量岩石的属性和成分。
104.Now, it’s kind of a little bit of a challenge driving down a slope like this.
驶下这样的斜面有些困难。 驶下这样的斜面有些困难。
105.If you were there you wouldn’t do it yourself.
如果是你的话你不会直接下去。
106.But we really made sure we tested those Rovers before we got them down — or that Rover — and made sure that it’s all working well.
在下去之前我们都测试了这些火星车，或者说这辆火星车 在下去之前我们都测试了这些火星车，或者说这辆火星车 确保工作正常。
107.Now, when I came last time, shortly after the landing — I think it was, like, a hundred days after the landing — I told you I was surprised that those Rovers
记得我上次来演讲的时候，那还是火星车刚着陆不久 我记得好像是着陆100天的时候 我告诉大家我感到很意外
108.are lasting even a hundred days.
火星车可以坚持运行100天。
109.Well, here we are four years later, and they’re still working.
四年后，它们还运行正常。
110.Now you say, Charles, you are really lying to us, and so on, but that’s not true. We really believed they were going to last 90 days or 100 days, because they are solar powered,
现在你会说，查尔斯，你在瞎说， 事实恰恰相反。以前我们真的认为火星车 只能坚持90到100天，因为它们是太阳能驱动的，
111.and Mars is a dusty planet, so we expected the dust would start accumulating on the surface, and after a while we wouldn’t have enough power, you know, to keep them warm.
火星是有尘土的星球，我们认为 尘土会在太阳能电池表面积累，过一段时间 我们就不会有足够的电能了，不能保持火星车存活。
112.Well, I always say it’s important that you are smart, but every once in a while it’s good to be lucky.
我总是说聪明很重要， 不过偶尔幸运也是好事。
113.And that’s what we found out. It turned out that every once in a while there are dust devils which come by on Mars, as you are seeing here,
这是我们发现的。后来证明偶尔会有 尘旋风刮过火星，如你所见，
114.and when the dust devil comes over the Rover, it just cleans it up.
尘旋风刮过火星车后，火星车上的尘土就被吹干净了。
115.It is like a brand new car that you have, and that’s literally why they have lasted so long.
就像一辆崭新的小车， 这就是火星车存活长久的原因。
116.And now we designed them reasonably well, but that’s exactly why they are lasting that long and still providing all the science data.
当然火星车设计的不错， 不过尘旋风才火星车存活如此之久的原因 直到现在还在发送各类科学数据。
117.Now, the two Rovers, each one of them is, kind of, getting old.
现在两辆火星车都有点变得老旧了。
118.You know, one of them, one of the wheels is stuck, is not working, one of the front wheels, so what we are doing, we are driving it backwards.
其中一辆一个轮子卡住了， 是一个前轮，所以我们只能倒车行驶。 是一个前轮，所以我们只能倒车行驶。
119.And the other one has arthritis of the shoulder joint, you know, it’s not working very well, so it’s walking like this, and we can move the arm, you know, that way.
另一辆火星车机器关节有点关节炎， 运行不太好，走起来像这样， 我们可以这样移动机器臂。
120.But still they are producing a lot of scientific data.
不过它们还继续提供大量科学数据。
121.Now, during that whole period a number of people got excited, you know, outside the science community about these Rovers, so I thought I’d show you a video just to give you a reflection
在整个运行期间有不少人得到灵感， 是科学圈子以外的人关心火星车， 我想我要放一段视频，考虑一下科学圈子以外的认识如何看待火星车的。
122.about how these Rovers are being viewed by people other than the science community.
我想我要放一段视频，考虑一下科学圈子以外的认识如何看待火星车的。 我想我要放一段视频，考虑一下科学圈子以外的认识如何看待火星车的。
123.So let me go on the next short video.
让我播放下一个视频.
124.By the way, this video is pretty accurate of how the landing took place, you know, about four years ago.
顺便说一下,这段视频反映的四年前的着陆过程还是相当准确的。 顺便说一下,这段视频反映的四年前的着陆过程还是相当准确的。
125.Video: Okay, we have parachute aligned.
视频：Ok，降落伞打开。
126.Okay, deploy the airbags. Open.
Ok，[声音不清楚]。打开。
127.Camera. We have a picture right now.
照相机。我们收到图片。
128.Yeah!
Yeah!
129.CE: That’s about what happened in the Houston operation room. It’s exactly like this.
在休斯敦的控制室当时就这样。非常像。
130.Video: Now, if there is life, the Dutch will find it.
现在，如果那里有生命的话荷兰人会找到的。
131.What is he doing?
他在干什么？
132.What is that?
那是什么？
133.CE: Not too bad.
还不错。
134.So anyway, let me continue on showing you a little bit about the beauty of that planet.
CE：我再展示一些火星的美景。 CE：我再展示一些火星的美景。
135.As I said earlier, it looked very much like Earth, so you see sand dunes.
就像我刚才说的，火星非常类似地球， 看看沙丘。
136.It looks like I could have told you these are pictures taken from the Sahara Desert or somewhere, and you’d have believed me, but these are pictures taken from Mars.
如果我告诉你这些照片 是拍自撒哈拉沙漠一类的地方，你也会相信， 不过这些照片是拍自火星。
137.But one area which is particularly intriguing for us is the northern region, you know, of Mars, close to the North Pole, because we see ice caps, and we see the ice caps shrinking
其中有一个区域特别吸引我们 火星北部地区，靠近北极， 因为我们看到冰盖，我们看到冰盖收缩
138.and expanding, so it’s very much like you have in northern Canada.
扩张，类似您在加拿大北部看到的。
139.And we wanted to find out — and we see all kinds of glacial features on it.
我们想找到，我们看到了各类的冰川地貌。
140.So, we wanted to find out, actually, what is that ice made of, and could that have embedded in it some organic, you know, material.
我们想弄明白，实际上， 冰的成分，其中含有什么。 有机物，物质。
141.So we have a spacecraft which is heading towards Mars, called Phoenix, and that spacecraft will land 17 days, seven hours and 20 seconds from now,
我们有个航天器正飞向火星， 叫做“凤凰号”，还有17天7小时20秒就要着陆火星了， 叫做“凤凰号”，还有17天7小时20秒就要着陆火星了，
142.so you can adjust your watch.
您可以对对表。
143.So it’s on May 25 around just before five o’clock our time here on the West Coast, actually we will be landing on another planet.
五月25号西海岸时间5点钟之前，我们将着陆另一个星球。 五月25号西海岸时间5点钟之前，我们将着陆另一个星球。
144.And as you can see, this is a picture of the spacecraft put on Mars, but I thought that just in case you’re going to miss that show, you know,
如你所见，这是探测器着陆火星后的效果图， 不过我想您万一错过了17天后的节目，
145.in 17 days, I’ll show you, kind of, a little bit of what’s going to happen.
我这里播放给您 看看着陆场面。
146.Video: That’s what we call the seven minutes of terror.
视频：这就是被我们称为恐怖的7分钟。
147.So the plan is to dig in the soil and take samples that we put them in an oven and actually heat them and look what gases will come from it.
计划是挖掘土壤和采样 然后放到一个炉子里加热 看看会有什么气体产生。
148.So this was launched about nine months ago.
这是9个月以前发射的。
149.We’ll be coming in at 12,000 miles per hour, and in seven minutes we have to stop and touch the surface very softly so we don’t break that lander.
要在七分钟里从时速12000英里减速到零 轻柔的降落在火星地表 不能撞坏我们的探测器。
150.Ben Cichy: Phoenix is the first Mars Scout mission.
Ben Cichy：凤凰号是首次[声音不清楚]。
151.It’s the first mission that’s going to try to land near the North Pole of Mars, and it’s the first mission that’s actually going to try and reach out and touch water
是首个要着陆火星北极附近的任务，也是首次 是首个要着陆火星北极附近的任务，也是首次 将要在另一个星球上接触到水。
152.on the surface of another planet.
将要在另一个星球上接触到水。
153.Lynn Craig: Where there tends to be water, at least on Earth, there tends to be life, and so it’s potentially a place where life could have existed on the planet in the past.
Lynn Craig：至少在地球上是，哪里有水 哪里就会有生命，所以那里是个潜在的地点 可能在火星上过去存在生命。
154.Erik Bailey: The main purpose of EDL is to take a spacecraft that is traveling at 12,500 miles an hour and bring it to a screeching halt
Erik Bailey：在EDL(进入、下降和着陆)过程中，航天器将会 在短时间内柔和的从12500英里每小时减速为零。
155.in a soft way in a very short amount of time.
在短时间内柔和的从12500英里每小时减速为零。
156.BC: We enter the Martian atmosphere.
BC：我们进入火星大气。
157.We’re 70 miles above the surface of Mars.
离火星地表70英里。
158.And our lander is safely tucked inside what we call an aero-shuttle.
着陆器折叠收缩在我称之为空天穿梭机（aero-shuttle）内。
159.EB: Looks kind of like an ice cream cone, more or less.
EB：看上去像(装冰淇淋之)锥形蛋卷。
160.BC: And on the front of it is this heat shield, this saucer-looking thing, that has about a half-inch of essentially what’s cork on the front of it,
BC：正面是隔热罩， 有点像飞碟，大约半英尺厚 隔热材料覆盖在正面，
161.which is our heat shield.
就是我们的隔热罩。
162.Now, this is really special cork, and this cork is what’s going to protect us from the violent atmospheric entry that we’re about to experience.
这是特别的盖子， 这个盖子会在进入大气层的时候防止空气摩擦的高温。 这个盖子会在进入大气层的时候防止空气摩擦的高温。
163.Rob Grover: Friction really starts to build up on the spacecraft, and we use the friction when it’s flying through the atmosphere to our advantage to slow us down.
Rob Grover：航天器会与大气产生空气摩擦阻力 利用飞越大气层时的空气摩擦力减速。 利用飞越大气层时的空气摩擦力减速。
164.BC: From this point, we’re going to decelerate from 12,500 miles an hour down to 900 miles an hour.
BC：从这一点，我们将要从时速12500英里减速到时速900英里。 BC：从这一点，我们将要从时速12500英里减速到时速900英里。
165.EB: The outside can get almost as hot as the surface of the Sun.
EB：外罩的高温可以达到太阳表面的温度。
166.RG: The temperature of the heat shield can reach 2,600 degrees Fahrenheit.
RG：隔热罩的温度可以达到2600华氏度。
167.EB: The inside doesn’t get very hot.
EB：内部温度不会很高。
168.It probably gets about room temperature.
大约会达到室温。
169.Richard Kornfeld: There is this window of opportunity within which we can deploy the parachute.
Richard Kornfeld：之后的窗口期 我们可以打开降落伞。
170.EB: If you fire the ‘chute too early, the parachute itself could fail.
EB：如果降落伞打开得太早，降落伞就会损坏。
171.The fabric and the stitching could just pull apart.
布料和接缝就会扯开。
172.And that would be bad.
那就糟了。
173.BC: In the first 15 seconds after we deploy the parachute, we’ll decelerate from 900 miles an hour to a relatively slow 250 miles an hour.
BC：打开降落伞的头15秒钟， 会从900英里每小时降到250英里每小时。 会从900英里每小时降到250英里每小时。
174.We no longer need the heat shield to protect us from the force of atmospheric entry, so we jettison the heat shield, exposing for the first time our lander to the atmosphere of Mars.
这时就不再需要隔热罩保护我们进入大气层了，所以我们丢弃隔热罩， 这时就不再需要隔热罩保护我们进入大气层了，所以我们丢弃隔热罩， 着陆器第一次暴露在火星大气层中。
175.LC: After the heat shield has been jettisoned and the legs are deployed, the next step is to have the radar system begin to detect how far Phoenix really is from the ground.
LC：隔热罩丢弃后，着陆架打开， 下一步是雷达系统探测 测量凤凰号离地高度。
176.BC: We’ve lost 99 percent of our entry velocity.
BC：我们减掉了进入大气层时99%的速度。
177.So, we’re 99 percent of the way to where we want to be.
我们完成目标的99%。
178.But that last one percent, as it always seems to be, is the tricky part.
不过最后的1%，总是最棘手的部分。
179.EB: Now the spacecraft actually has to decide when it’s going to get rid of its parachute.
EB：现在航天器自主决定 何时抛掉降落伞。
180.BC: We separate from the lander going 125 miles an hour at roughly a kilometer above the surface of Mars: 3,200 feet.
BC：在离火星地表一公里(3200英尺)处，时速125英里时，着陆器脱离。 BC：在离火星地表一公里(3200英尺)处，时速125英里时，着陆器脱离。
181.That’s like picking two Empire State Buildings and stacking them on top of one another.
高度是两个帝国大厦摞起来那么高。 高度是两个帝国大厦摞起来那么高。
182.EB: That’s when we separate from the back shell, and we’re now in free-fall.
EB：从底盖分离后， 自由落体。
183.It’s a very scary moment: a lot has to happen in a very short amount of time.
非常可怕的时刻，短时间内会出各种状况。 非常可怕的时刻，短时间内会出各种状况。
184.LC: So it’s in a free-fall, but it’s also trying to use all of its actuators to make sure that it’s in the right position to land.
LC：它是个自由落体， 着陆器利用所有传感器 确保它降落在正确的地点。
185.EB: And then it has to light up its engines, right itself, and then slowly slow itself down and touch down on the ground safely.
EB：然后自主的制动发动机点火， 慢慢减速，直到安全着陆。
186.BC: Earth and Mars are so far apart that it takes over ten minutes for a signal from Mars to get to Earth.
BC：地球和火星之间的距离很遥远，需要10分钟 火星发的信号才能抵达地球。
187.And EDL itself is all over in a matter of seven minutes.
EDL（进入、下降和着陆）仅在7分钟内就完成。
188.So by the time you even hear from the lander that EDL has started it’ll already be over.
实际上当我们知道着落器开始EDL（进入、下降和着陆）过程时 EDL（进入、下降和着陆）其实已经结束了。
189.EB: We have to build large amounts of autonomy into the spacecraft so that it can land itself safely.
EB：航天器设计的很自动化 这样它才能自主安全着陆。
190.BC: EDL is this immense, technically challenging problem.
BC：EDL（进入、下降和着陆）就是极大的技术难题。
191.It’s about getting a spacecraft that’s hurtling through deep space and using all this bag of tricks to somehow figure out how to get it down to the surface of Mars at zero miles an hour.
就是一个航天器飞速冲入外太空 然后用一套措施设法减速为零降落在火星表面。 然后用一套措施设法减速为零降落在火星表面。
192.It’s this immensely exciting and challenging problem.
这是一个令人兴奋的巨大的挑战。
193.CE: Hopefully it all will happen the way you saw it in here.
CE：希望着陆过程如我们所见的这样顺利。
194.So it will be a very tense moment, you know, as we are watching that spacecraft landing on another planet.
那将是一个非常紧张的时刻， 我们将目睹航天器降落在另一个行星上。
195.So now let me talk about the next things that we are doing.
接下来讲一讲我们的下一步计划。
196.So we are in the process, as we speak, of actually designing the next Rover that we are going to be sending to Mars.
我们正在设计下一代火星车的流程中。 我们正在设计下一代火星车的过程中。
197.So I thought I would go a little bit and tell you, kind of, the steps we go through.
我多说一下， 我们做过的步骤。
198.It’s very similar to what you do when you design your product.
非常类似设计新产品。
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