SusanBlackmore_2008迷因和技因【中英文对照】

1.Cultural evolution is a dangerous child for any species to let loose on its planet.
文化的进化是个危险的孩子 对于任何放任它的物种来说。
2.By the time you realize what’s happening, the child is a toddler, up and causing havoc, and it’s too late to put it back.
等到你意识到正在发生的情况时，孩子已经会走路了， 到处闯祸，想把他拉回来为时已晚。
3.We humans are Earth’s Pandoran species.
我们人类是地球的潘多拉德物种。
4.We’re the ones who let the second replicator out of its box, and we can’t push it back in.
我们是把第二个复制体放出盒子的人， 而我们却不能再将它放回去。
5.We’re seeing the consequences all around us.
我们见证了身边的后果。
6.Now that, I suggest, is the view that comes out of taking memetics seriously.
现在，我提议 是好好谈谈迷因论的时候了。
7.And it gives us a new way of thinking about not only what’s going on on our planet, but what might be going on elsewhere in the cosmos.
它给我们提供了一个新的思考方式 不仅仅是关于我们的星球上发生些什么， 还关于宇宙中其他地方发生的事情。
8.So first of all I’d like to say something about memetics and the theory of memes, and secondly, how this might answer questions about who’s out there,
所以首先，我想介绍一下迷因 和迷因理论， 其次，这个可能解答关于外太空的问题，
9.if indeed anyone is.
是否有生命存在。
10.So, memetics.
所以，迷因。
11.Memetics is founded on the principle of universal Darwinism.
迷因是建立在通用达尔文理论上的。
12.Darwin had this amazing idea.
达尔文想到这个惊人的点子。
13.Indeed, some people say it’s the best idea anybody ever had.
确实，一些人说 这是有史以来最好的想法
14.Isn’t that a wonderful thought, that there could be such a thing as a best idea anybody ever had?
难道这不是个绝妙的点子吗？有什么 可能是最好的点子呢？
15.Do you think there could?
你认为有可能吗？
16.Audience: No.
观众：没有。
17.(Laughter) Susan Blackmore: Someone says no, very loudly, from over there.
（笑声） 苏珊 布莱克莫尔：那边有人很大声地说不。
18.Well, I say yes, and if there is, I give the prize to Darwin.
但是，我说有可能，如果有，我要颁奖给达尔文。
19.Why?
为什么呢?
20.Because the idea was so simple, and yet it explains all design in the universe.
因为这个想法很简单， 却解释了宇宙中所有的设计。
21.I would say not just biological design, but all of the design that we think of as human design.
我会说不仅仅是生物上的设计， 还包括一切我们所想到的人为设计。
22.It’s all just the same thing happening.
它们发生的原理都是一样的。
23.What did Darwin say?
达尔文说了什么呢？
24.I know you know the idea, natural selection, but let me just paraphrase “The Origin of Species,” 1859, in a few sentences.
我知道你们知道这个想法，自然选择， 但是让我解释下“物种起源”，1859年出版的， 的几句话。
25.What Darwin said was something like this — if you have creatures that vary, and that can’t be doubted — I’ve been to the Galapagos and I’ve measured the size of the beaks
达尔文所说的是这样的– 如果你看到生物变异，那是无容置疑的– 我去过加拉帕戈斯岛，我测量过喙的尺寸
26.and the size of the turtle shells and so on, and so on.
海龟壳的尺寸以及等等等等。
27.And 100 pages later — (Laughter) And if there is a struggle for life, such that nearly all of these creatures die — and this can’t be doubted, I’ve read Malthus
翻过100页后– （笑声） 如果为生存竞争， 好像几乎所有这些生物都死亡– 那是不可能的，我读过马尔萨斯
28.and I’ve calculated how long it would take for elephants to cover the whole world if they bred unrestricted, and so on and so on.
我也计算过大象要花多长时间 来遍布全球，如果它们无限制的繁殖，等等等等。
29.And another 100 pages later.
再翻过在100页。
30.And if the very few that survive pass onto their offspring whatever it was that helped them survive, then those offspring must be better adapted
如果少数能活下来，遗传给子孙 有助于它们存活的任何条件 那么这些子孙一定能比祖先
31.to the circumstances in which all this happened than their parents were.
更好的适应 周围环境
32.You see the idea?
你明白这个想法了？
33.If, if, if, then.
如果，如果，如果，那么。
34.He had no concept of the idea of an algorithm.
他没有算法的概念。
35.But that’s what he described in that book, and this is what we now know as the evolutionary algorithm.
但是他在书中所描述的就是这样 这就是我们现在知道的进化算法。
36.The principle is you just need those three things — variegation, selection and heredity.
原则是你只需要具备三样东西– 变异，选择和遗传。
37.And as Dan Dennett puts it, if you have those then you must get evolution.
正如丹 丹尼特所做的，如果你有了这三样 你肯定能进化。
38.Or design out of chaos without the aid of mind.
或者说没有想法也能设计出混乱。
39.There’s one word I love on that slide.
这句话中有个词我很喜欢。
40.What do you think my favorite word is?
你觉得会是哪个词？
41.Audience: Chaos.
观众：混乱。
42.SB: Chaos? No. What? Mind? No.
苏珊：混乱？ 不是。什么？想法？也不是。?
43.Audience: Without.
观众：没有。
44.SB: No, not without.
苏珊：不是，不是没有。
45.(Laughter) You try them all in order: Mmm…?
（笑声） 你们一个个的试：嗯…？
46.Audience: Must.
观众：必须。
47.Must, at must. Must, must.
必须，一定。必须，必须。
48.This is what makes it so amazing.
这个词让一切那么奇妙。
49.You don’t need a designer, or a plan, or foresight or anything else.
你不需要设计师， 或者计划，前瞻性，或者其他什么。
50.If there’s something that is copied with variation and it’s selected, then you must get design appearing out of nowhere.
如果有变异的复制 并通过选择，那么一定会有设计出现
51.You can’t stop it.
你不能够阻止它。
52.Must is my favorite word there.
”一定“是我最喜欢的词。
53.Now, what’s this to do with memes?
现在，这个跟迷因有什么关系呢？
54.Well, the principle here applies to anything that is copied with variation and selection.
好吧，这个原理可以应用于所有的事情 那就是变异和算则的复制。
55.We’re so used to thinking in terms of biology, we think about genes this way.
我们习惯了思考生物， 我们想到基因就是这个样子的。
56.Darwin didn’t of course, he didn’t know about genes.
达尔文，当然，他不知道基因。
57.He talked mostly about animals and plants, but also about languages evolving and becoming extinct.
他基本上谈的是动物和植物， 也有关于语言进化和灭绝。
58.But the principle of universal Darwinism is that any information that is varied and selected will produce design.
但是通用达尔文的原理 说的是任何有变异和选择 都会产生新的设计。
59.And this is what Richard Dawkins was on about in his 1976 bestseller, “The Selfish Gene.”
这就是理查德道金斯 在1976年的畅销书“自私的基因”中所提到的。
60.The information that is copied, he called the replicator.
通过复制的信息，他称之为副本。
61.It selfishly copies.
它自私地复制。
62.Not meaning it kind of sits around inside cells going, “I want to get copied.”
不是说它就在细胞内坐着说”我想被复制“
63.But that it will get copied if it can, regardless of the consequences.
但是只要有条件，它就会被复制 无论结果如何。
64.It doesn’t care about the consequences because it can’t, because it’s just information being copied.
结果并不重要，因为它不能， 因为复制的只是信息。
65.And he wanted to get away from everybody thinking all the time about genes, and so he said, “Is there another replicator out there on the planet?”
它想跳脱 每个人都想到的基因 所以它说，”在这个星球上还有没有其他的副本呀？“
66.Ah, yes, there is.
哦，有的。
67.Look around you, here will do, in this room.
看看你周围，就在这个房间里，就有。
68.All around us, still clumsily drifting about in its primeval soup of culture, is another replicator.
我们周围，还是笨拙地漂浮着 原始的文化，也就是另一个副本。
69.Information that we copy from person to person by imitation, by language, by talking, by telling stories, by wearing clothes, by doing things.
通过模仿，我们从一个人到另一个人复制来的信息， 通过语言，谈话，故事， 穿着，行动等等。
70.This is information copied with variation and selection.
这就是有变异和选择的信息复制
71.This is design process going on.
是进行中的设计过程
72.He wanted a name for the new replicator.
他想命名这个新副本。
73.So he took the Greek word mimeme, which means that which is imitated.
所以，他使用了希腊语mimeme，意思是模仿的东西。
74.Remember that, that’s the core definition.
记住，那个是核心定义。
75.That which is imitated.
模仿的东西。
76.And abbreviated it to meme, just because it sounds good and made a good meme, an effective spreading meme.
然后将它简化为meme，因为听起来好听 然后再做个好meme，一个能有效传播的meme。
77.So that’s how the idea came about.
这就是这个想法的来源。
78.It’s important to stick with that definition.
忠于定义很重要。
79.The whole science of memetics is much maligned, much misunderstood, much feared.
迷因的整个理论受到很多置疑， 很多误解，很多担忧。
80.But a lot of these problems can be avoided by remembering the definition.
但是很多的问题都可以避免 通过牢记这个定义。
81.A meme is not equivalent to an idea.
迷因不等同于一个想法。
82.It’s not an idea, it’s not equivalent to anything else, really.
它不是一个想法，也不等同于其他任何事情，真的。
83.Stick with the definition.
请忠于定义。
84.It’s that which is imitated.
那就是模仿的东西。
85.Or information which is copied from person to person.
或者说是一个人从另一个人那里复制来的信息。
86.So, let’s see some memes.
让我们看看一些迷因。
87.Well, you sir, you’ve got those glasses hung around your neck in that particularly fetching way.
这位先生，你的眼镜挂在脖子上 的方式很特别。
88.I wonder whether you invented that idea for yourself, or copied it from someone else?
我想知道是你自己想出来的点子， 还是从其他人那里看到的？
89.If you copied it from someone else, it’s a meme.
如果你是从其他人那里看到的，那就是个迷因。
90.And what about, ooh, I can’t see any interesting memes here.
还有，哦，我在这里没有发现什么有趣的迷因。
91.All right everyone, who’s got some interesting memes for me?
好，各位，你们谁能想到一些有趣的迷因？
92.Oh well, your earrings, I don’t suppose you invented the idea of earrings.
好，你的耳环， 我不认为你发明了耳环。
93.You probably went out and bought them.
你大概只是出门去买的。
94.There are plenty more in the shops.
店里还有很多耳环。
95.That’s something that’s passed on from person to person.
那就是从一个人传到另一个人的东西。
96.All the stories that we’re telling, well of course, TED is a great memefest, masses of memes.
我们讲的所有的店，当然， TED是一个非常棒的迷因节，很多很多的迷因。
97.The way to think about memes though, is to think, why do they spread?
去思考迷因的方法， 就是去想，为什么它们会传播呢？
98.They’re selfish information, they will get copied if they can.
它们是自私的信息，如果它们可以，它们能被复制。
99.But some of them will be copied because they’re good, or true, or useful, or beautiful.
但是它们当中的一些被复制是因为他们很棒， 或者说它们是正确的，或者说有用的，或者说很漂亮。
100.Some of them will be copied even though they’re not.
它们当中的一些也会被复制，尽管它们不（棒，正确，有用或漂亮）。
101.Some, it’s quite hard to tell why.
还有一些，很难讲是为什么。
102.There’s one particular curious meme which I rather enjoy.
有一种特别的好奇迷因我很喜欢。
103.And I’m glad to say, as I expected, I found it when I came here, and I’m sure all of you found it too.
我很高兴得说，正如我预计的，当我来这时我就发现了， 我相信你们所有人也发现了。
104.You go to your nice posh international hotel somewhere, and you come in and you put down your clothes and you go to the bathroom, and what do you see?
你去任何一家优雅的豪华国际酒店， 你进去后，放下衣服 到洗手间，你看到了什么？
105.Audience: Bathroom soap.
观众：浴室的肥皂
106.SB: Pardon?
苏珊：请再说一边？
107.Audience: Soap.
观众：肥皂
108.SB: Soap, yeah. What else do you see?
苏珊：肥皂，对。还有什么呢？
109.Audience: (Inaudible) SB: Mmm mmm.
观众：（无声） 苏珊：嗯，嗯。
110.Audience: Sink, toilet!
观众：面盆，马桶！
111.SB: Sink, toilet, yes, these are all memes, they’re all memes, but they’re sort of useful ones, and then there’s this one.
苏珊：面盆，马桶，对，这些都是迷因，它们全是迷因， 但是它们算是有用的迷因。请看这个。
112.(Laughter) What is this one doing?
（笑声） 这个是做什么用的呢？
113.(Laughter) This has spread all over the world.
（笑声） 这个已经遍布全球。
114.It’s not surprising that you all found it when you arrived in your bathrooms here.
你们能找到它一点也不奇怪 当你进入浴室的时候。
115.But I took this photograph in a toilet at the back of a tent in the eco-camp in the jungle in Assam.
这是我拍的在帐篷后面的一个厕所的照片 是在阿萨姆丛林中的生态营中。
116.(Laughter) Who folded that thing up there, and why?
（笑声） 谁把它叠成那样，为什么？
117.(Laughter) Some people get carried away.
（笑声） 有些人模仿的过头了
118.(Laughter) Other people are just lazy and make mistakes.
（笑声） 其他人则太懒而弄错了。
119.Some hotels exploit the opportunity to put even more memes with a little sticker.
一些酒店利用机会增加更多的迷因 附上小标签。
120.(Laughter) What is this all about?
（笑声） 这都是为了什么呢？
121.I suppose it’s there to tell you that somebody’s cleaned the place, and it’s all lovely.
我觉得是告诉你某个人 清理过这个地方，一切都美好。
122.And you know, actually all it tells you is that another person has potentially spread germs from place to place.
你知道，实际上它告诉你的就是另一个人 潜在的将细菌从一个地方传到了另一个地方。
123.(Laughter) So think of it this way.
（笑声） 这么想吧。
124.Imagine a world full of brains and far more memes than can possibly find homes.
想象一个充满脑袋的世界 迷因多的都找不到家。
125.The memes are all trying to get copied, trying, in inverted commas, i.e., that’s the shorthand for, if they can get copied they will.
这些迷因都试着被复制， 试着，直白地讲，例如， 就是竭尽全力地被复制。
126.They’re using you and me as their propagating copying machinery, and we are the meme machines.
它们用你和我作为它们的宣传复制机器， 我们就是迷因机器。
127.Now, why is this important?
为什么这个很重要呢？
128.Why is this useful, or what does it tell us?
为什么这个很有用，或者说这个告诉了我们什么呢？
129.It gives us a completely new view of human origins and what it means to be human.
它给了我们看待人类起源的一个全新的观点 以及这对人类有什么意义。
130.All conventional theories of cultural evolution, of the origin of humans, and what makes us so different from other species.
所有传统的文化进化， 人类的起源， 以及是什么将我们区别于其他物种。
131.All other theories explaining the big brain, and language and tool use and all these things that make us unique, are based upon genes.
所有其他理论解释大脑，语言和工具使用 以及所有让我们与众不同的这些东西， 都基于基因。
132.Language must have been useful for the genes.
语言必须对基因有用。
133.Tool use must have enhanced our survival, mating and so on.
工具的使用必须增强我们的生存能力，繁殖能力，以及等等。
134.It always comes back, as Richard Dawkins complained all that long time ago, it always comes back to genes.
它总要回来的，就像理查德道金斯抱怨的一样 长时间来，它总要回到基因上来。
135.The point of memetics is to say, “Oh no it doesn’t.”
迷因的重点是说，“哦，不，它不是。”
136.There are two replicators now on this planet.
这个星球上有两个副本。
137.From the moment that our ancestors, perhaps two and a half million years ago or so, began imitating, there was a new copying process.
一个是我们的祖先那个时候的， 或许是250万年左右， 开始模仿，有了一个新的复制过程。
138.Copying with variation and selection.
充满了变化和选择的复制。
139.A new replicator was let loose, and it could never be — right from the start, it could never be that human beings who let loose this new creature,
释放了一个新的副本，可能永远不会– 从一开始就正确，它可能永远不会 是人类是从这个新释放的副本开始，
140.could just copy the useful, beautiful, true things, and not copy the other things.
只复制有用的，美丽的，正确的东西， 而不复制其他的东西。
141.While their brains were having an advantage from being able to copy — lighting fires, keeping fires going, new techniques of hunting,
当他们的大脑具有复制的优势– 点火，让火种延续，打猎的新技术，
142.these kinds of things — inevitably they were also copying putting feathers in their hair, or wearing strange clothes, or painting their faces,
这些事情– 不可避免地他们也复制将羽毛带在头上， 或者穿奇怪的衣服，或者在他们的脸上绘画，
143.or whatever.
或者随便什么。
144.So you get an arms race between the genes which are trying to get the humans to have small economical brains and not waste their time copying all this stuff,
所以，在基因间产生了装备竞赛 基因试着要人类拥有小而经济的大脑， 而不是浪费他们的时间复制全部的东西，
145.and the memes themselves, like the sounds that people made and copied — in other words, what turned out to be language — competing to get the brains to get bigger and bigger.
迷因它们自己，像人们发出和复制的声音– 换句话说，就是语言的前身– 竞争着拥有大脑，越来越大的大脑。
146.So the big brain on this theory is driven by the memes.
所以大型脑这个理论是由迷因驱动的。
147.This is why, in “The Meme Machine,” I called it memetic drive.
这就是为什么，在“迷因机器”中，我称它为迷因驱动。
148.As the memes evolve, as they inevitably must, they drive a bigger brain that is better at copying the memes that are doing the driving.
当迷因在演变，当它们难免必须， 驱使一个更大的大脑，能更好地复制 驱动的迷因。
149.This is why we’ve ended up with such peculiar brains, that we like religion, and music, and art.
这就使为什么我们拥有这样奇特的脑部， 我们喜欢宗教，音乐和艺术。
150.Language is a parasite that we’ve adapted to, not something that was there originally for our genes, on this view.
语言是我们已经适应的寄生物， 而不是我们基因原有的， 根据这个观点。
151.And like most parasites it can begin dangerous, but then it co-evolves and adapts and we end up with a symbiotic relationship with this new parasite.
像大多数寄生物一样，语言一开始有危险， 但是后来它一起改变和适应 我们最终和这寄生物 达成共生关系
152.And so from our perspective, we don’t realize that that’s how it began.
所以对我们来说， 我们不知道那是如何开始的。
153.So this is a view of what humans are.
所以这是个观点关于什么是人类。
154.All other species on this planet are gene machines only, they don’t imitate at all well, hardly at all.
其他在这个星球上的物种只是基因机器， 它们模仿的并不好，完全不好。
155.We alone are gene machines and meme machines as well.
我们单独即是基因机器也是迷因机器。
156.The memes took a gene machine and turned it into a meme machine.
迷因将一个基因机器变成一个迷因机器。
157.But that’s not all.
但那不是全部。
158.We have new kind of memes now.
我们现在有了新的迷因。
159.I’ve been wondering for a long time, since I’ve been thinking about memes a lot, is there a difference between the memes that we copy —
很长一段时间我都在思考， 从我常常思考迷因开始， 我们所复制的迷因之间的差别–
160.the words we speak to each other, the gestures we copy, the human things — and all these technological things around us?
我们互相说的话， 我们模仿的手势，人类之间的那些事– 以及所有这些我们周围的技术？
161.I have always, until now, called them all memes, but I do honestly think now we need a new word for technological memes.
我总是，直到现在，称它们为迷因， 但是我确实想到现在 我们需要用一个新词来描述技术迷因。
162.Let’s call them technomemes or temes.
我们称它们为技术迷因或者说技因。
163.Because the processes are getting different.
因为过程已经变了
164.We began, perhaps 5,000 years ago, with writing.
我们大概在5000年前开始书写。
165.We put the storage of memes out there on a clay tablet, but in order to get true temes and true teme machines, you need to get the variation, the selection and the copying,
我们将迷因储存在泥板上， 但是为了得到真正的技因和真正的技因机器， 必须要有变异，选择和复制，
166.all done outside of humans.
这些都要与人类无关。
167.And we’re getting there.
我们快到了。
168.We’re at this extraordinary point where we’re nearly there, that there are machines like that.
我们正在这个节骨眼上，我们马上就要到了， 有那样的机器存在。
169.And indeed, in the short time I’ve already been at TED, I see we’re even closer than I thought we were before.
真的，在我到TED的短短时间内， 我看到我们实际比我想象的要接近的多。
170.So actually, now the temes are forcing our brains to become more like teme machines.
所以，实际上，现在这些技因强迫我们的大脑 变得更像技因机器。
171.Our children are growing up very quickly learning to read, learning to use machinery.
我们的孩子在成长中更快地学会阅读， 学会适应机器。
172.We’re going to have all kinds of implants, drugs that force us to stay awake all the time.
我们将有各种各样的植入物， 药品，来强迫我们总是保持清醒。
173.We’ll think we’re choosing these things, but the temes are making us do it.
我们认为是我们选择这些事情， 其实是技因让我们这么做。
174.So we’re at this cusp now of having a third replicator on our planet.
所以我们现在在这个转折点 出现我们星球上的第三个副本。
175.Now, what about what else is going on out there in the universe?
现在，那么宇宙中还发生些什么呢？
176.Is there anyone else out there?
有没有外星人？
177.People have been asking this question for a long time.
人们问这个问题已经很久了。
178.We’ve been asking it here at TED already.
我们也在TED讨论过了。
179.In 1961, Frank Drake made his famous equation, but I think he concentrated on the wrong things.
1961年，弗兰克得出他著名的等式， 但是我认为他关注了错误的东西。
180.It’s been very productive, that equation.
那个等式很有用。
181.He wanted to estimate N, the number of communicative civilizations out there in our galaxy.
他想估计N， 我们星系中有沟通文明的星球的数量。
182.And he included in there the rate of star formation, the rate of planets, but crucially, intelligence.
他包括了星球成型的比率， 行星的比率，以及最关键的，智慧。