RobertWright_同情心的进化论【中英文对照】

1.I’m going to talk about compassion and the golden rule from a secular perspective and even from a kind of scientific perspective.
我将要谈谈同情心和黄金法则 从一个非宗教的角度，更从一种科学的角度。
2.I’m going to try to give you a little bit of a natural history of compassion and the golden rule.
我将试图告诉你一点 同情心和黄金法则的自然历史。
3.So, I’m going to be sometimes using kind of clinical language, and so it’s not going to sound as warm and fuzzy maybe as your average compassion talk.
所以，我有的时候将会用比较客观的语言， 所以可能不会听起来温暖和模糊 就像你一般听到的有关同情心的演讲。
4.I want to warn you about that.
我想提醒你这点。
5.So, I do want to say, at the outset, that I think, you know, compassion’s great.
所以，我确实想说，起初，我觉得，同情心很棒。
6.The golden rule is great. I’m a big supporter of both.
黄金法则很棒。我是它们俩的超级支持者。
7.And I think it’s great that the religions of the world, the leaders of the religions of the world are affirming compassion and the golden rule as fundamental principles
而且我觉得世界上的宗教， 世界上的宗教领袖 断言同情心和黄金法则是
8.that are integral to their faiths.
他们的信仰的基础原则也是件很棒的事。
9.At the same time, I think religions don’t deserve all the credit.
同时，我想宗教并不是万能的。
10.I think nature kind of gave them a helping hand here.
我觉得在这方面自然帮了它们一把。
11.I’m going to argue tonight that compassion and the golden rule are, in a certain sense, built in to human nature.
今晚我要讨论的是同情和黄金法则 在一定程度上，是人性自然的一部分。
12.Okay. But I’m also going to argue that once you understand the sense in which they are built into human nature, then you realize that just affirming compassion,
好。但是我还觉得 一旦你理解了他们是人性自然的一部分的感觉后， 你将意识到只是确认同情心，
13.and affirming the golden rule, is really not enough.
确认黄金法则，是远远不够的。
14.There’s a lot of work to be done after that. Okay.
之后还有很多工作要做。好。
15.Okay. So, quick natural history, first, compassion.
好。所以，很快的过一下自然历史，首先，同情心。
16.In the beginning, there was compassion, and, I mean, not just when human beings first showed up, but actually even before that.
在最初，出现了同情心， 而且，我的意思是，不只是人类出现的时候， 而事实上是更早。
17.I think it’s probably the case that, in the human evolutionary lineage, even before there were homo sapiens, feelings like compassion and love and sympathy
我想这可能是这样，在人类的演化谱系， 甚至比智人出现的更早， 同情心、爱和怜悯的感觉
18.had earned their way, kind of, into the gene pool, and biologists have a pretty clear idea of how this first happened.
已经找到了进入基因库的方式， 并且生物学家对它最初的出现已经有了很清晰的想法。
19.It happened through a principle known as kin selection.
它是通过亲缘选择的原则出现的。
20.And the basic idea of kin selection is that, if an animal feels compassion for a close relative, and this compassion leads the animal to help the relative,
亲缘选择的基本想法是， 如果一个动物对近亲有同情的感觉， 而且这种同情使这个动物去帮助这个亲戚，
21.then in the end, the compassion actually winds up helping the genes underlying the compassion itself.
最终，这种同情心事实上帮助这个基因 隐含在这个同情心本身。
22.So, from a biologist’s point of view, compassion is actually a gene’s way of helping itself. Okay.
所以，从一个生物学家的角度看，同情心是事实上 一个基因帮助它自己的方式。好。
23.I warned you this was not going to be very warm and fuzzy. Okay.
我提醒过你这将不是那么温暖和模糊不清。好吧。
24.I’ll get there. I hope to get a little fuzzier.
我继续。我希望说得有一点模糊。
25.To me this isn’t — this doesn’t bother me so much, that the underlying Darwinian rationale of compassion is kind of self-serving at the genetic level.
对我来说这不是－－这并不让我觉得那么麻烦， 这隐含在达尔文原理的同情心 在基因的层面上是为自我服务的。
26.Actually, I think what the bad news is about kin selection is just that it means that this kind of compassion is naturally deployed only within the family.
事实上，我觉得坏消息是关于亲缘选择 只是说明这种同情心 只是自然的在家庭里展开的。
27.That’s the bad news. The good news is compassion is natural.
这是坏消息。好消息是同情心是自然的。
28.The bad news is that this kin selected compassion is naturally confined to the family.
坏消息是这种亲缘选择的同情心 是自然的被局限在家庭中。
29.Now, there’s more good news that came along later in evolution, a second kind of evolutionary logic.
现在，在之后的进化中有了更多的好消息， 第二种进化的逻辑。
30.Biologists call that reciprocal altruism. Okay.
生物学家称那是互利主义。好的。
31.And there, the basic idea is that compassion leads you to do good things for people who then will return the favor.
互利主义基本的观点是 同情心带领你去为那些能回报你的人做好事。
32.Again, you know, I know, this is not as inspiring a notion of compassion as you may have heard in the past, but from a biologist’s point of view, this reciprocal altruism kind of compassion,
再一次，你知道，这不是像 你过去听到过的同情心的概念那样鼓舞人心， 但是从一个生物学家的角度看，这种互利主义的同情心，
33.it is ultimately self-serving too.
最终还是为自我服务的。
34.It’s not that people think that when they feel the compassion.
那不是人在感觉到同情心的时候想的。
35.It’s not consciously self-serving, but, to a biologist, that’s the logic.
那不是有意识的为自我服务，但是，对于一个生物学家来说，那就是他的逻辑。
36.And so, you wind up most easily extending compassion to friends and allies.
所以，你会最容易对你的朋友和同盟者产生同情心。
37.I’m sure a lot of you, if a close friend has something really terrible happen to them, you feel really bad.
我确信你们大多数人，当一个亲近的朋友身上发生了非常严重的事情时， 你会感觉很糟。
38.But if you read in the newspaper that something really horrible happened to somebody you’ve never heard of, you know, you can probably live with that. Okay.
但是如果你是在看报纸 上写有一些很可怕的事情发生在一些你从来不认识的人身上的时候， 你知道，你可以没什么事。好的。
39.That’s just human nature.
那只是人类的本性。
40.So, it’s another good news bad news story.
所以，这是另一个好消息坏消息的故事。
41.It’s good that compassion was extended beyond the family by this kind of evolutionary logic.
好消息是因为同情心在进化的逻辑中 超越了家庭的范畴。
42.The bad news is this doesn’t bring us universal compassion by itself. Okay.
坏消息这没有给我们带来普遍存在的同情心。好的。
43.So, there’s still work to be done.
所以，还有要做的工作。
44.Now, there’s one other result of this dynamic called reciprocal altruism, which I think is kind of good news, which is that the way that this is played out in the human species, okay,
现在，这种互利主义带来了另外一种结果， 我觉得是个很好的消息， 那是以人类物种作为完结，好的，
45.it has given people a kind of intuitive appreciation of the golden rule. Okay.
那使人们对黄金法则有一种直觉的鉴赏。好的。
46.I don’t quite mean that the golden rule itself is written in our genes, but you can go to a hunter gatherer society that has had no exposure to any of the great religious traditions,
我的意思不是说黄金法则是我们基因的一部分， 但是你可以去一个猎人聚集的， 没有任何宗教传统的社会，
47.no exposure to ethical philosophy, and you’ll find, if you spend time with these people, that, basically, they believe that one good turn deserves another,
没有伦理道德哲学的显现， 然后你会发现，如果你花时间和这些人在一起， 那么，基本上，他们做好事应该得到回报，
48.and that bad deeds should be punished.
做坏事应该被惩罚。
49.And evolutionary psychologists think that these intuitions have a basis in the genes.
而且进化论的心理学家认为这些直觉在基因中是有基础的。
50.So, they do understand that if you want to be treated well, you treat other people well.
所以，他们明白如果你要被很好的对待， 你应该对很好的对待别人。
51.And it’s good to treat other people well.
而且对别人好是一件好事。
52.That’s close to being a kind of built in intuition.
那差不多是在直觉中被建立的。
53.So, that’s good news. Now, if you’ve been paying attention, you’re probably anticipating that there’s bad news here, okay, that we still aren’t to universal love,
所以，那是好消息。现在，如果你注意听了， 你可能正在想坏消息是什么，好的， 那就是我们还没达到普遍存在的爱，
54.and it’s true because, although an appreciation of the golden rule is natural, it’s also natural to kind of carve out exceptions to the golden rule. Okay.
而且那是真的，因为，虽然对黄金法则的理解是自然的， 但是这也很自然地雕刻出黄金法则的例外情况。
55.I mean, for example, none of us, probably, want to go to prison, but we all think that there are some people who should go to prison. Right?
我的意思是，例如，我们中间没有人，或许，想进监狱， 但是我们老是觉得有一些人应该被关在监狱里。对吧？
56.So, we think we should treat them differently than we would want to be treated.
所以，我们觉得我们应该对他们和他们对我们不一样。
57.Now, we have a rationale for that.
现在，我们对于这个有一个基本原理。
58.We say they did these bad things that make it just that they should go to prison.
我们说他们做了坏事所以他们就应该进监狱。
59.None of us really extends the golden rule in truly diffuse and universal fashion.
我们中间没有人真的将用真实的扩散的并且全面的方式将黄金法则扩大。
60.We have the capacity to carve out exceptions, put people in a special category.
我们有这个能力去雕刻出例外情况， 将人放在一个特殊的类别里。
61.And the problem is that, although in the case of sending people to prison, you have this impartial judiciary determining, you know, who gets excluded from the golden rule,
问题是，虽然是这种把人送进监狱的情况， 你有中立的法官 来决定，你知道，那是黄金法则之外的人，
62.that in everyday life, the way we all make these decisions about who we’re not going to extend the golden rule to, we use a much rougher and readier formula,
在每一天生活中，我们作出对于 谁将被排除在黄金法则之外的决定， 我们用一个更加粗糟和准备好的公式，
63.and basically it’s just like, if you’re my enemy, if you’re my rival, okay, if you’re not my friend, if you’re not in my family, I’m much less inclined to apply the golden rule to you. Okay.
并且基本上是，如果你是我的敌人，如果你是我的竞争对手，好的， 如果你不是我的朋友，如果你不是我的家庭成员， 我将更少的倾向于将你纳入黄金法则。好的。
64.We all kind of do that, and you see it all over the world.
我们都差不多这样做， 而且你可以看到整个世界都是这样。
65.You know, you see it in the Middle East.
你知道，你看中东。
66.People who, from Gaza, are firing missiles at Israel.
从加沙来的人正在向以色列发射导弹。
67.They wouldn’t want to have missiles fired at them, but they say, “Well, but the Israelis, or some of them have done things that put them in a special category.”
他们不想向他们发射导弹，但是他们说， “那，但是以色列人，或者一些以色列人以前做过一些事情 可以使被放在一个特殊的类别里。”
68.The Israelis would not want to have an economic blockade imposed on them, but they impose one on Gaza, and they say, “Well, the Palestinians, or some of them, have brought this on themselves.”
以色列人不希望经济封锁强加在他们身上， 但是他们希望强加在加沙，而且他们说， “那，巴勒斯坦人，或者是一些巴勒斯坦人，他们自找的。“
69.So, it’s these exclusions to the golden rule that amount to a lot of the world’s trouble.
所以，正是这些黄金法则的例外情况给世界造成了很多麻烦。
70.And it’s natural to do that.
而且他们是很自然的这样做的。
71.So, the fact that the golden rule is in some sense built in to us is not, by itself, going to bring us universal love.
所以，在某种程度上黄金发则是我们一部分的这个事实， 靠它自己不能给我们带来普遍性的爱。
72.It’s not going to save the world.
它拯救不了世界。
73.Now, there’s one piece of good news I have that may save the world. Okay.
现在，我有一个能拯救世界的好消息。好。
74.Are you on the edges of your seats here?
你现在紧张吗？
75.Good, because before I tell you about that good news, I’m going to have to take a little excursion through some academic terrain.
好，因为在我告诉你这个好消息之前， 我将不得不涉猎一下学术的领域。
76.So, I hope I’ve got your attention with this promise of good news that may save the world.
所以，我希望我已经得到了你对于 这个能拯救世界的好消息的关注。
77.It’s this non-zero sumness stuff you just heard a little bit about.
它是你们刚听到一点的总和非零。
78.It’s just quick introduction to game theory.
这只是对游戏理论的一个很快的介绍。
79.This won’t hurt. Okay.
不会让人很难受。好。
80.It’s about zero sum and non-zero-sum games.
这是有关“零和”与“非零和”的游戏。
81.If you ask what kind of a situation is conducive to people becoming friends and allies, the technical answer is a non-zero sum situation.
如果你问什么样的情况 有利于人们成为朋友和盟友， 技术的回答是非零总和的情况。
82.And if you ask what kind of situation is conducive to people defining people as enemies, it’s kind of a zero sum situation. Okay.
如果你问什么样的情况 是有利于人们定义敌人的概念， 那是零和的情况。好。
83.So, what do those terms mean?
那么，这些词汇的意思是什么？
84.Basically, a zero sum game, is the kind you’re used to in sports, where there’s a winner and a loser.
基本上，一个零和的游戏，是你习惯在运动会中遇到的， 其中有优胜者和失败者。
85.So, their fortunes add up to zero. Okay.
所以，他们的情况加起来是零。
86.So, in tennis, every point is either good for you and bad for the other person, or good for them, bad for you.
那么，在网球比赛中，每一分都是对于你是好的，对于另外那个人是坏的， 或者是对于另外那些人是好的，对于你是坏的。
87.Either way, your fortunes add up to zero.That’s a zero sum game.
不管怎么看，你们的情况加起来都是零。这就是零和游戏。
88.Now, if you’re playing doubles, then the person on your side of the net is in a non-zero sum relationship with you, because every point is either good for both of you, positive, win win,
现在，如果你玩双打， 那么在你网子这边的人 与你就是非零和的关系。 因为每一分不是对你们俩同时都是好的，积极的，双赢，
89.or bad for both of you, it’s lose lose. Okay.
就是对你们两个同时都是坏的，双输。好。
90.That’s a non-zero sum game.
那个是非零和的游戏。
91.And in real life, there are lots of non-zero sum games.
那么在现实生活中，有很多非零和的游戏。
92.In the realm of economics, say, if you buy something, that means you’d rather have the merchandise than the money, but the merchant would rather have the money than the merchandise.
在经济领域中，比方说，如果你买东西， 那意味着你宁愿要商品也不要钱， 但是商人是宁愿要钱也不要商品。
93.You both feel you won. Okay.
你们两个都感觉你们赢了。好。
94.In a war, two allies are playing a non-zero sum game.
在战争中，两个同盟正在玩非零和的游戏。
95.It’s going to either be win-win or lose-lose for them.
那对于他们将是双赢或者双输。
96.So, there are lots of non-zero sum games in real life.
这样，在现实生活中有很多的非零和的游戏。
97.And you could basically reformulate what I said earlier, about how compassion is deployed and the golden rule is deployed, by just saying, well, compassion most naturally flows along non-zero sum channels
那么你基本上可以再用形式表示我刚才说的， 关于同情心和黄金法则是怎么被调用的话， 只是说的话，那么，同情心最自然地在非零和的渠道中流淌，
98.where people perceive themselves as being in potentially a win-win situation with some of their friends or allies.
那样人们把他们自己看成与他们的 朋友或者同盟是潜在的双赢关系。
99.The deployment of the golden rule most naturally happens along these non-zero sum channels.
黄金法则的调用 最自然的发生在这些非零和的遇到中。
100.So, kind of webs of non-zero sumness, are where you would expect compassion and the golden rule to kind of work their magic.
所以，非零和的网， 是你可以期待同情心和黄金法则 发挥他们神奇力量的地方。
101.With zero sum channels you would expect something else.
零和的渠道，你只能期待别的了。
102.Okay. So, now you’re ready for the good news that I said might save the world.
好。那么，现在你已经准备好来听我刚才说可能拯救世界的那个好消息了。
103.And now I can admit that it might not too, now that I’ve held your attention for three minutes of technical stuff.
那现在我可以承认那也不一定能拯救世界， 现在我已经让你注意了三分钟的技术的东西。
104.But it may. And the good news is that history has naturally expanded these webs of non-zero sumness, okay, these webs that can be these channels for compassion.
但是它是有可能的。而且好消息是历史 已经自然地将非零和的网扩展， 这些网可以是同情心的渠道。
105.You can go back all the way to the stone age, and, I think, from technological evolution, roads, the wheel, writing, a lot of transportation and communication technologies
你可以一直回到石器时代， 而且，我想，从技术革命，公路，轮胎，写字， 很多交通和交流技术
106.have just inexorably made it so that more people can be in more non-zero sum relationships with more and more people at greater and greater distances. Okay.
正是无情的使更多的人 能够和 更多的人在更远的距离中拥有跟多的非零和的关系。