1.When most people think about the beginnings of AIDS, they’re gonna think back to the 1980s.
当大多数人思索艾滋病的起源时， 他们会回想到20世纪80年代。
2.And certainly, this was the decade in which we discovered AIDS, and the virus that causes it, HIV.
当然，就是在这个十年里，我们发现了艾滋病， 以及导致该病的病毒，艾滋病病毒。
3.But in fact this virus crossed over into into humans many decades before, from chimpanzees, where the virus originated, into humans who hunt these apes.
但是事实上，这个病毒在几十年前就已经从黑猩猩身上交叉感染到了人类身上， 病毒在黑猩猩身上首次发现，然后传染到捕猎这些猿类的人类身上。
4.This photo was taken before the Great Depression in Brazzaville, Congo.
这张照片是大萧条之前， 在刚果的布拉扎维拍摄的。
5.At this time, there were thousands of individuals, we think, that were infected with HIV.
那时，有成千上百的人， 在我们看来，是被艾滋病病毒感染的。
6.So I have a couple of really important questions for you.
所以我有几个非常重要的问题要问你们。
7.If this virus was in thousands of individuals at this point, why was it the case that it took us until 1984 to be able to discover this virus?
如果病毒存在于 数千人的体内， 那么为什么直到1984年 我们才发现这个病毒呢？
8.OK now, more importantly, had we been there in the ’40s and ’50s, ’60s, had we seen this disease, had we understood exactly what was going on with it, how might that have changed and completely
现在，更重要的是， 我们生活在20世纪40年代，50年代，还是60年代， 我们看到这个疾病了吗，我们明白 这个病到底是怎么回事吗？我们明白，它是怎样改变，
9.transformed the nature of the way this pandemic moved?
而且完全改变了流行性疾病的本质吗？
10.In fact, this is not unique to HIV. The vast majority of viruses come from animals.
事实上，不仅仅是艾滋病病毒。很多的病毒 都来自于动物。
11.And you can kind of think of this as a pyramid of this bubbling up of viruses from animals into human populations.
你可以想成是病毒的金字塔 依次从动物到人类
12.But only at the very top of this pyramid do these things become completely human.
但是只有在金字塔的最顶端，这些事情才会发生在人类身上。
13.Nevertheless, we spend the vast majority of of our energy focused on this level of the pyramid, trying to tackle things that are already completely adapted to human beings,
不过，我们花了大量的精力 专注于金字塔的等级 试着处理人类已经完全习惯的事情
14.that are going to be very very difficult to address — as we’ve seen in the case of HIV.
这些解决起来会非常非常的困难， 就像我们看到的艾滋病病毒一样。
15.So during the last 15 years, I’ve been working to actually study the earlier interface here — what I’ve labeled “viral chatter,” which was a term coined
所以在最近的15年里， 我一直都在致力于，事实上是研究更早时期的联系 这就是我所称的“病毒谈话者”，这是我的顾问唐.博克
16.by my mentor Don Burke.
发明的一个用语。
17.This is the idea that we can study the sort of pinging of these viruses into human populations, the movement of these agents over into humans,
这个想法就是，我们可以研究 这些病毒是怎么样感染人类， 以及病毒携带者进入人体的过程，
18.and by capturing this moment, we might be able to move to a situation where we can catch them early.
通过捕捉这一瞬间， 我们或许可以追溯到发现病毒的早期。
19.OK, so this is a picture, and I’m going to show you some pictures now from the field.
好的，所以这是张照片，我现在要向你们展示 一些这个领域的照片。
20.This is a picture of a central African hunter.
这是中非捕猎者的一张照片
21.It’s actually a fairly common picture.
其实是很普通的一张照片。
22.One of the things I want you to note from it is blood — that you see a tremendous amount of blood contact.
我想让你们从照片中注意一件事情 就是血，你可以看到有很多的血液接触。
23.This was absolutely key for us. This is a very intimate form of connection.
对我们来说这就是非常之关键。 这是一个非常亲密的接触。
24.So if we’re going to study viral chatter, we need to get to these populations who have intensive contact with wild animals.
所以如果我们要研究病毒谈话者，我们就需要 找到和野生动物有密切接触的人群。
25.And so we’ve been studying people like this individual.
所以我们就一直在研究有类似这个人的情况的人。
26.We collect blood from them, other specimens.
我们从他们身上和其他生物身上提取血样。
27.We look at the diseases, which are in the animals as well as the humans.
我们对这些在动物和人身上所发生的疾病进行研究。
28.And ideally, this is going to allow us to catch these things early on, as they’re moving over into human populations.
理想的情况是，这可以让我们在早期就应控制住这个疾病 因为这些疾病会传染到人类身上。
29.And the basic objective of this work is not to just go out once and look at these individuals, but to establish thousands of individuals
此项工作最基本的目标不仅仅 是从外部研究这些受感染的人， 而是要在这些人群中建立
30.in these populations that we would monitor continuously on a regular basis.
数千个个体，这样我们就可以监控 在日常的基础上持续的监控。
31.When they were sick, we would collect specimens from them.
当他们生病时，我们可以从他们身上提取血液样本。
32.We would actually enlist them — which we’ve done now — to collect specimens from animals.
我们可以将这些样本标做记号 这些我们现在已经完成，在动物身上提取样本。
33.We give them these little pieces of filter paper.
我们给他们这些小的过滤纸片。
34.When they sample from animals, they collect the blood on the filter paper and this allows us to identify yet-unknown viruses from exactly the right animals —
当他们从动物身上提取样本时， 可以将提取的血液放到滤纸上 这就可以允许我们从特定的动物身上发现未知的病毒，
35.the ones that are actually being hunted.
这些动物实际上是已经被捕获的。
36.(Video): Narrator: Deep in a remote region of Cameroon, two hunters stalk their prey.
（视频）：叙事者：深在喀麦隆遥远地区， 两个猎人正在跟踪他们的猎物。
37.Their names are Patrice and Patee.
他们的名字是帕特里斯和帕蒂。
38.They’re searching for bush meat — forest animals they can kill to feed their families.
他们正在寻找非洲野生动物 也就是他们可以杀掉用来喂养自己家庭的森林动物。
39.Patrice and Patee set out most days to go out hunting in the forest around their homes.
帕特里斯和帕蒂几乎每天都整装待发，外出打猎 地点是在他们家周围的森林里。
40.They have a series of traps, of snares that they’ve set up to catch wild pigs, snakes, monkeys rodents, anything they can, really.
他们有一系列设计的圈套和陷阱 为了就是捉住野猪、蛇、猴子、 鼠类动物，以及任何他们能捕获的动物。
41.Patrice and Patee have been out for hours but found nothing.
帕特里斯和帕蒂已经外出几小时了，但是一无所获。
42.The animals are simply gone.
动物很轻易的就逃跑了。
43.We stop for a drink of water.
我们停下来喝了点水。
44.Then there is a rustle in the brush.
然后在草丛里有窸窣的响声。
45.A group of hunters approach.
一群猎人走近。
46.Their packs loaded with wild game.
他们的包裹里装满了不同的野味。
47.There’s at least three viruses that you know about, which are in this particular monkey.
至少带有三种病毒 是你知道的，这些病毒存在于一种特殊的猴子身上。
48.Nathan Wolfe: This species, yeah. And there’s many many more pathogens that are present in these animals.
内森.沃尔夫：这个物种，是的。有很多很多病原体 都存在于这些动物身上。
49.These individuals are at specific risk, particularly if there’s blood contact, they’re at risk for transmission and possibly infection with novel viruses.
这些人都处在一种特定的风险之中， 尤其是如果人与动物之间有血液接触，那么人类就有传染的风险 也有可能感染其他的病毒。
50.Narrator: As the hunters display their kills, something surprising happens.
叙事者：当捕猎者展示他们的技巧时，一些令人吃惊的事情就发生了。
51.They show us filter paper they’ve used to collect the animals’ blood.
他们向我们展示他们用来提取动物血液的滤纸。
52.The blood will be tested for zoonotic viruses, part of a program Dr. Wolfe has spent years setting up.
血液将用来检测动物传染性病毒， 沃尔夫博士研究项目的一部分花了几年的时间才建立起来。
53.NW: So this is from this animal right here, Greater Spot-Nosed Guenon.
内森.沃尔夫：所以就是从这里的这个动物开始的， 也就是大斑鼻猴。
54.Every person who has one of those filter papers has at least, at a minimum, been through our basic health education about the risks associated with these activities,
每个人都有其中一张过滤纸，这些人至少， 都接受过我们基本的健康教育 知道与这些活动相关的风险，
55.which presumably, from our perspective, gives them the ability to decrease their own risk, and then obviously the risk to their families,
这可能从我们的观点来看， 能给他们一种降低风险的能力， 也可以降低对家庭的风险，
56.the village, the country, and the world.
以及村落、国家和世界的危险。
57.NW: OK, before I continue, I think it’s important to take just a moment to talk about bushmeat. Bushmeat is the hunting of wild game.
内森.沃尔夫：好，在我继续之前，我觉得很重要的是花些时间 去讨论一下非洲野生动物肉。非洲野生动物肉就是捕获野味。
58.OK? And you can consider all sorts of different bushmeat.
是吧？你可以考虑多种不同的非洲野生动物肉。
59.I’m going to be talking about this.
我要讨论的就是这个。
60.When your children and grandchildren sort of pose questions to you about this period of time, one of the things they’re gonna ask you,
当你的孩子、孙子和孙女 整理出一些关于这段时期的问题来问你， 其中有一件他们要问你的事情，
61.is how it was they we allowed some of our closest living relatives, some of the most valuable and endangered species on our planet, to go extinct because we
是我们是怎样使这些动物变成自己最亲密的伙伴的， 一些地球上最珍贵和濒临灭绝的种群 将要灭绝，因为我们
62.weren’t able to address some of the issues of poverty in these parts of the world.
不能解决 世界上这些地区的一些贫穷问题。
63.But in fact that’s not the only question they’re going to ask you about this.
但是事实上这不是他们要问你关于这个的唯一问题。
64.They’re also going to ask you the question that when we knew that this was the way that HIV entered into the human population, and that other diseases had the potential to enter like this,
他们要问你的问题是 当我们知道这是艾滋病病毒进入 人类的方式时， 知道其他疾病也有可能会进入人体时，
65.why did we let these behaviors continue?
为什么我们要让这些行为继续？
66.Why did we not find some other solution to this?
为什么我们没有找到其他的解决办法呢？
67.They’re going to say, in regions of profound instability throughout the world, where you have intense poverty, where populations are growing
他们会说，在那些 世界上极其不稳定的地区 人们非常贫穷，人口在不断的增长
68.and you don’t have sustainable resources like this, this is going to lead to food insecurity.
而且不会有像这可以继续利用的资源， 这将会导致食品不安全
69.But they’re also going to ask you probably a different question.
但是他们也可能会问你一个不同的问题。
70.It’s one that I think we all need to ask ourselves, which is, why we thought the responsibility rested with this individual here.
这是一个我认为我们都需要问自己的问题， 那就是，为什么我们认为这些责任是这里所指的几个人的。
71.Now this is the individual — you can see just right up over his right shoulder — this is the individual that hunted the monkey from the last picture that I showed you.
现在这就是那个人，你可以看到就是那个右肩膀较高的那个 这就是那个捕获猴子的人 在我给你们看过的上一张照片上有他。
72.OK, take a look at his shirt.
好，现在来看一下他的衬衫。
73.You know, take a look at his face.
你知道的，看一下他的脸。
74.Bushmeat is one of the central crises, which is occurring in our population right now, in humanity, on this planet.
非洲野生动物肉是主要风险之一， 这种风险会马上在我们人类当中发生， 会发生在地球的人类身上。
75.But it can’t be the fault of somebody like this.
但是这不是一些像这样人的错误。
76.OK? And solving it cannot be his responsibility alone.
对吗？解决问题也不是他自己的责任。
77.There’s no easy solutions, but what I’m saying to you is that we neglect this problem at our own peril.
没有简单的解决方法， 但是我要对你们说的是我们忽略了这个问题 才导致危险发生在我们身上。
78.So, in 1998, along with my mentors Don Burke and Colonel Mpoudi-Ngole, we went to actually start this work in Central Africa, to work with hunters
所以在1998年时，我和我的导师们 唐.伯克以及上校麻破蒂-尼古乐， 我们就开始在中非展开这项工作 与捕猎者一起工作
79.in this part of the world.
一起在世界上的这个地方工作
80.And my job — at that time I was a post-doctoral fellow, and I was really tasked with setting this up.
而我的工作，在那时我只是个博士后而已， 我也确实为了这个项目的开展费尽心机。
81.So I said to myself, “OK, great — we’re gonna collect all kinds of specimens. We’re gonna go to all these different locations. It’s going to be wonderful.”
所以我对自己说，“好吧，很好 我们要收集所以种群的标本。我们要 去不同的地方。这将是很不错的。”
82.You know, I looked at the map, I picked out 17 sites, I figured, no problem.
你知道，我看了一下地图，我挑选了17个地点， 我想，没有问题。
83.(Laughter) Needless to say, I was drastically wrong.
笑声 不用说，我大错特错了。
84.This is challenging work to do.
这是一项有挑战性的工作
85.Fortunately, I had and continue to have an absolutely wonderful team of colleagues and collaborators in my own team, and that’s the only way that this work can really occur.
幸运的是，我以前拥有，以后也会继续拥有 一支同事和合作者的完美团队， 这也是开展这项工作的唯一办法。
86.We have a whole range of challenges about this work.
对此项工作，我们要面临很多挑战。
87.One of them is just obtaining trust from individuals that we work with in the field.
其中的一个就是 要取得我们与之工作的人们的信任。
88.The person you see on the right hand side is Paul DeLong-Minutu.
你看到在你右手边的那个人是保罗.德朗.米奴图。
89.He’s one of the best communicators that I’ve really ever dealt with.
他是我曾经接触过最好的沟通者之一。
90.When I arrived I didn’t speak a word of French, and I still seemed to understand what it was he was saying.
当我到那里时，我不会说法语， 但是我似乎明白他在说什么
91.Paul worked for years on the Cameroonian national radio and television, and he spoke about health issues. He was a health corespondent.
保罗已经在 喀麦隆国家电台和电视工作好几年， 他谈论的是健康问题。他是一个健康方面的记者。?
92.So we figured we’d hire this person, when we got there he could be a great communicator.
所以我们就想要请这个人，这样当我们到喀麦隆的时候， 他将会是一个很不错的交流者。
93.When we would get to these rural villages, though, what we found out is that no one had television, so they wouldn’t recognize his face.
当我们到达这些村落的时候，我们却发现 没有人有电视机， 所以他们根本不认识他。
94.But — when he began to speak they would actually recognize his voice from the radio.
但是当他开始说话时 他们就能知道这是电台里的声音。
95.And this was somebody who had incredible potential to spread aspects of our message, whether it be with regards to wildlife conservation
这里有些人有着不可置信的能力 来传播我们的信息， 不论是野生动物保护
96.or health prevention.
还是健康疾病预防。
97.Often we run into obstacles. This is us coming back from one of these very rural sites, with specimens from 200 individuals that we needed to get back to the lab within 48 hours.
我们经常会遇到麻烦。这是我们从 其中的一个村落里回来， 带着200个人的血液样本 我们需要将这些标本在48小时之内送回实验室。
98.I like to show this shot — this is Ubald Tamoufe, who’s the lead investigator in our Cameroon site.
我想给大家展示一下，这是 阿布德.他莫夫，他是 我们喀麦隆实验基地的主要调查者。
99.Ubald laughs at me when I show this photo because of course you can’t see his face.
当我给他看这张照片时，他还朝我大笑 当然你看不到他的脸。
100.But the reason I like to show the shot is because you can see that he’s about to solve this problem.
但是我想展示这张照片的原因就是 因为你可以看到他要解决这个问题。
101.(Laughter) Which — which he did. Which he did.
笑声 这个，这个就是他做的。这个就是他做的。
102.Just a few quick before and after shots.
就在照之前和照之后的很快的时间里。
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