1.My name is Jonathan Zittrain, and in my recent work I’ve been a bit of a pessimist.
我叫乔纳森?兹特瑞 在最近工作的时候，我总是有一点悲观主义。
2.So I thought this morning I would try to be the optimist, and give reason to hope for the future of the Internet by drawing upon its present.
所以今天早晨我觉得我应该尝试变成一个乐观主义者。 并且根据互联的现状 给大家足够的理由去憧憬 互联网的未来
3.Now, it may seem like there is less hope today than there was before.
现在，希望似乎比从前要少。
4.People are less kind. There is less trust around.
人们越来越不友好，我们周围的信任少了。
5.I don’t know. As a simple example, we could run a test here.
但我不这么认为。举个简单的例子。 我们可以在这里做一个测试。
6.How many people have ever hitchhiked?
请问在座的各位有多少人曾搭过便车？
7.I know. How many people have hitchhiked within the past 10 years?
好，我知道了。多少人在过去的10年内 曾搭过便车？
8.Right. So what has changed?
好。那么，什么改变了？
9.It’s not better public transportation.
看来公交交通并没有更发达
10.So that’s one reason to think that we might be declensionists, going in the wrong direction.
所以这个例子证明我们可能是 走向错误方向的变革主义者。
11.But I want to give you three examples to try to say that the trend line is in fact in the other direction and it’s the Internet helping it along.
但是我想给你们举三个例子， 试着说明这个趋势 实际上是往相反方向的。 而且是互联网在推波助澜。
12.So example number one: the Internet itself.
那么，举例一，互联网本身。
13.These are three of the founders of the Internet.
这是互联网的三位创始人
14.They were actually high school classmates together at the same high school in suburban Los Angles in the 1960s.
他们实际上是中学同学。 20世纪60年代他们在洛杉矶郊区的同一所中学上学。
15.You might have had a French club or a Debate club.
你们也许曾创办过法国社或辩论社，
16.They had a “Lets build a global network” club, and it worked out very well.
他们却创建了名为“让我们来建一个世界网络”的社团， 而且运行得很顺利。
17.They are pictured here for their 25th anniversary Newsweek retrospective on the Internet.
这是他们在 新闻周刊回顾网络历史25周年的照片
18.And as you can tell, they are basically goof balls.
正如你们所见， 他们基本上都是傻蛋。
19.They had one great limitation and one great freedom as they tried to conceive of a global network.
他们有一个很大的限制， 也有一个很棒的自由， 当他们试图设想一个全球网络的时候。
20.The limitation was that they didn’t have any money.
限制在于，他们没有一丁点钱，
21.No particular amount of capital to invest, of the sort that for a physical network you might need for trucks and people and a hub to move packages around overnight.
没有特定规模的资金来投资。 对于一个实体的网络来说， 你可能需要卡车、人力 和交换器去整夜运送包裹。
22.They had none of that.
他们没有这些。
23.But they had an amazing freedom, which was they didn’t have to make any money from it.
但是他们有一个惊人的自由， 那就是，他们不需要从中赚钱。
24.The Internet has no business plan; never did.
这个网络没有，也从来没有商业计划。
25.No CEO, no firm responsible, singly, for building it.
没有首席执行官， 没有一个公司负责任地、单独地去建设它。
26.Instead, it’s folks getting together to do something for fun, rather than because they were told to, or because they were expecting to make a mint off of it.
取而代之，它是几个家伙凑在一起， 去做一些好玩的事， 而不是被人指使， 也不是想要从中牟取哪怕一点点利益。
27.That ethos led to a network architecture, a structure that was unlike other digital networks then or since.
那种风气酝酿出了一种网络架构， 一种前无古人后无来者的 数字网络架构。
28.So unusual, in fact, that it was said that it’s not clear the Internet could work.
所以，不寻常的是，事实上， 据说搞不清楚这个网络是否能运作。
29.As late as 1992, IBM was known to say you couldn’t possibly build a corporate network using Internet Protocol.
直到1992年，IBM表示， 不可能用互联网协议 去建一个企业网络。
30.And even some Internet engineers today say the whole thing is a pilot project and the jury is still out.
甚至时至今日，一些网络工程师仍说， 这整个东西是一个试点工程，陪审团还没到位。
31.(Laughter) That’s why the mascot of Internet engineering, if it had one, is said to be the bumblebee.
（笑） 这就是为什么网络工程的吉祥物， 如果有的话，据说是一只大黄蜂。
32.Because the fur-to-wingspan ratio of the bumblebee is far too large for it to be able to fly.
是因为大黄蜂的皮和翼展比实在是太大了， 大到不能飞。
33.And yet, mysteriously, somehow the bee flies.
但是，奇怪的是，无论如何黄蜂飞起来了。
34.I’m pleased to say that, thanks to massive government funding, about three years ago we finally figured out how bees fly.
我很高兴地说，多亏了巨额政府基金， 大约在三年前我们终于弄明白 黄蜂是怎么飞的了。
35.(Laughter) It’s very complicated, but it turns out they flap their wings very quickly.
（笑） 原理非常复杂，但是结果是 他们非常快速地拍打翅膀。
36.(Laughter) So what is this bizarre architecture configuration that makes the network sing and be so unusual?
（笑） 那么，这个使网络运行起来且变得如此不同寻常的 奇异的结构配置是什么呢？
37.Well, to move data around from one place to another — again, it’s not like a package courier.
要把数据从一个地方传输到另一个地方， ——再次声明，不是类似快递员那样
38.It’s more like a mosh pit.
它更像是“狂舞区”（摇滚表演时舞台下方疯狂混乱的人群）。
39.(Laughter) Imagine, you being part of a network where, you’re maybe at a sporting event.
（笑） 想象你自己是网络的一部分， 在那里你也许正在参加一个体育盛会，
40.And you’re sitting in rows like this, and somebody asks for a beer, and it gets handed at the aisle.
你像这样坐在队伍里， 有人要啤酒， 啤酒从过道被传递过来。
41.And your neighborly duty is to pass the beer along, at risk to your own trousers, to get it to the destination.
你作为邻座的义务 就是把啤酒传递下去， 冒着自己裤子被弄脏的风险， 把它传递到那个人。?
42.No one pays you to do this.
没有人付钱让你做这些。
43.It’s just part of your neighborly duty.
它只是你作为邻座的义务而已。
44.And, in a way, that’s exactly how packets move around the Internet, sometimes in as many as 25 or 30 hops, with the intervening entities
某种程度上，那恰恰是信息包在互联网中传送的方式。 有时候要跳25或30个节点， 借助那种将数据到处传递的
45.that are passing the data around having no particular contractual or legal obligation to the original sender, or to the receiver.
干预进来的实体， 对原始发送者或者接受者 没有具体的合同 或法律责任。
46.Now, of course, in a mosh pit it’s hard to specify a destination.
当然，现在很难在“狂舞区”里指定一个终点。
47.You need a lot of trust, but it’s not like, “I’m trying to get to Pensacola please.”
你需要很多信任， 但它不像是“麻烦您我想去彭萨科拉”。
48.So the Internet needs addressing and directions.
所以互联网需要地址和方向。
49.It turns out there is no one overall map of the Internet.
互联网变成了没有整体的地图。
50.Instead, again, it is as if we are all sitting together in a theater, but we can only see amidst the fog the people immediately around us.
而是，好像我们又一次都坐在剧场里， 但我们只能在雾中看到 当下在我们身边的人。
51.So what do we do to figure out who is where?
那么我们怎么样去弄清楚谁在哪里呢？
52.We turn to the person on the right and we tell that person what we see on our left.
我们转向右边的人， 告诉他我们在左边看到什么，
53.And vice versa.
反之亦然。
54.And they can lather, rinse, repeat. And before you know it you have a general sense of where everything is.
他们可以传递下去，在你能意识到之前， 你已经对所以东西在哪有了个大致的印象。
55.This is how Internet addressing and routing actually work.
这就是网络寻址和路由实际上的工作原理。
56.This is a system that relies on kindness and trust, which also makes it very delicate and vulnerable.
这是一个依赖美德和信任的系统， 但美德和信赖也使它变得微妙而脆弱。
57.In rare but striking instances, a single lie told by just one entity in this honeycomb can lead to real trouble.
举个罕见但突出的例子， 在这个网络中某一个人说了 一个谎话， 可以导致真正的麻烦。
58.So, for example, last year, the government of Pakistan asked its Internet service providers there to prevent citizens of Pakistan from seeing YouTube.
所以，比如说，去年， 巴基斯坦政府 要求国内的网络服务提供商 屏蔽巴基斯坦市民看You Tube。
59.There was a video there that the government did not like and they wanted to make sure it was blocked.
那上面有政府不喜欢的一个视频， 他们想要确保它被屏蔽了。
60.This is a common occurrence. Governments everywhere are often trying to block and filter and censor content on the Internet.
这是一个常见的现象。 各国政府都经常试图屏蔽， 过滤和审查网络上的内容。
61.Well this one ISP in Pakistan chose to affectuate the block for its subscribers in a rather unusual way.
但这个巴基斯坦网络服务提供商 用一种不寻常的方式 来屏蔽他的用户。
62.It advertised — the way that you might be asked, if you were part of the Internet, to declare what you see near you — it advertised
它宣称—— 如果你懂网络，别人可能会要求你 告知你在周围看到了什么——它宣称——
63.that near it, in fact, it had suddenly awakened to find that it was YouTube.
在它旁边的，事实上，它猛然发现是 You Tube
64.”That’s right,” it said, “I am YouTube.”
“对！”它说，“我是You Tube。”
65.Which meant that packets of data from subscribers going to YouTube stopped at the ISP, since they thought they were already there.
也就是说，从用户向You Tube 发送的信息包 在网络服务提供商那里被截了下来，然而用户以为数据已经被传送到了youtube。
66.And the ISP threw them away unopened because the point was to block it.
事实是网络服务提供商将它们悄悄扔掉， 因为重点就是屏蔽它。
67.But it didn’t stop there.
但是，它没有就此打住。
68.You see, that announcement went one click out, which got reverberated, one click out.
你们看，那个公告， 点一下就出来 它不断回荡，点一下
69.And it turns out that as you look at the postmortem of this event, you have at one moment perfectly working YouTube.
然后它就变成了你看到的样子。 后果是， 你的You Tube在短时间内 显得很正常
70.Then, at moment number two, you have the fake announcement go out.
然后，过一会， 假公告出来了。
71.And within two minutes, it reverberates around and YouTube is blocked everywhere in the world.
然后，两分钟以内， 它在四周回荡开， 然后Youtube就在全世界都被屏蔽了。
72.If you were sitting in Oxford, England, trying to get to YouTube, your packets were going to Pakistan and they weren’t coming back.
如果你在英国牛津，试图上You Tube， 你的信息包去向了巴基斯坦， 再也回不来了。
73.Now just think about that.
大家想，
74.One of the most popular websites in the world, run by the most powerful company in the world, and there was nothing that YouTube or Google
作为世界上最有影响力的公司经营的 世界上最有名的网站之一， Youtube和Google
75.were particularly privileged to do about it.
却没有有效的特权去解决这个问题。
76.And yet, somehow, within about two hours, the problem was fixed.
但是，不知何故，两小时之内， 这个问题就解决了。
77.How did this happen?
为什么会这样？
78.Well, for a big clue, we turn to NANOG, the North American Network Operators Group.
一个重要的线索来自NANOG， 北美网络运营商组织，
79.A group of people who, on a beautiful day outside, enter into a windowless room, at their terminals reading email and messages in fixed proportion font, like this,
这群人 他们在阳光明媚的天气里， 进到一个没有窗子的房间， 来到他们的终端前， 阅读邮件和信息， 用一种固定比例的字体，就像这个。
80.and they talk about networks.
他们在谈论网络，
81.And some of them are mid-level employees at Internet service providers around the world.
他们其中的一些人是全世界网络服务提供商的 中层雇员。
82.And here is the message where one of them says, “Looks like we’ve got a live one. We have a hijacking of YouTube!
其中一个人说， “看来我们抓到现形了，Youtube被劫持了！
83.This is not a drill. It’s not just the cluelessness of YouTube engineers. I promise.
这不是演习，也不是Youtube工程师的无能 我发誓。
84.Something is up in Pakistan.”
在巴基斯坦出事了。”
85.And they came together to help find the problem and fix it.
然后他们就一起帮助寻找问题然后解决它。
86.So it’s kind of like if your house catches on fire.
所以这有点像你家房子着火了，
87.The bad news is, there is no fire brigade.
坏消息是，没有消防队。
88.The good news is, random people apparate from nowhere, put out the fire, and leave without expecting payment or praise.
好消息是，不知从哪里冒出来的路人， 把火扑灭了，然后离开，不期待你付钱或表扬。
89.(Applause) I was trying to think of the right model to describe this form of random acts of kindness by geeky strangers.
（鼓掌） 我试图想出一种合适的模型来描述 这种“讨厌的陌生人随机善良行为” 的模式，
90.(Laughter) You know, it’s just like the hail goes out and people are ready to help.
（笑） 你知道，就像下冰雹的时候， 人们已经准备好伸出援手。
91.And it turns out this model is everywhere, once you start looking for it.
原来当你开始寻找这种模型的时候，才发现它在世界的每个角落。
92.Example number two: Wikipedia.
第二个例子：维基百科
93.If a man named Jimbo came up to you in 2001 and said, “I’ve got a great idea! We start with seven arcticles that anybody can edit anything, at any time,
如果2001年，一个叫金博的人找到你， 说，“我有一个好主意！我们从七篇文章开始， 任何人任何时候都可以编辑它们，
94.and we’ll get a great encyclopedia! Eh?”
那么我们就能获得一本很棒的百科全书！是吧？”
95.Right. Dumbest idea ever.
对。有史以来最愚蠢的想法。
96.(Laughter) In fact, Wikipedia is an idea so profoundly stupid that even Jimbo never had it.
（笑） 事实上，维基百科是一个金博从来没有过的， 愚蠢又深刻的点子。
97.Jimbo’s idea was for Nupedia.
金博的点子其实是Nupedia
98.It was going to be totally traditional. He would pay people money because he was feeling like a good guy, and the money would go to the people
它会变得完全传统。他会付给人们钱， 因为他感觉好像是个好人。 钱会付给人们，
99.and they would write the articles.
然后他们来写文章。
100.The wiki was introduced so others could make suggestions on edits — as almost an afterthought, a back room.
维基应运而生， 别人可以为修改提出意见—— 好像事后修补，相当于后屋。
101.And then it turns out the back room grew to encompass the entire project.
然后后屋越建越大， 扩展成了整个项目。
102.And today, Wikipedia is so ubiquitous that you can now find it on Chinese restaurant menus.
时至今日，维基百科无处不在， 以至于你可以在中餐馆的菜单里看见它。
103.(Laughter) I am not making this up.
（笑） 我没有编造。
104.(Laughter) I have a theory I can explain later.
（笑） 我有个理论，我可以迟些解释。
105.Suffice it to say for now that I prefer my Wikipedia stir-fried with pimentos.
一言以蔽之，目前我更喜欢我的维基百科 和香果一起炒。
106.(Laughter) But now, Wikipedia doesn’t just spontaneously work.
（笑） 但是现在，维基百科并不只是自发地运作着
107.How does it really work? It turns out there is a back room that is kind of windowless, metaphorically speaking.
它实际上是怎样运作的呢？ 原来有一个没有窗的后屋， 打个比方，
108.And there are a bunch of people who, on a sunny day, would rather be inside and monitoring this, the administrator’s notice board, itself a wiki page that anyone can edit.
有一群人，在阳光明媚的一天， 宁愿呆在屋内， 修改这个管理者公告板， 它本身就是个谁都可以编辑的维基页。
109.And you just bring your problems to the page.
于是你把你的问题放到这页上来，
110.It’s reminiscent of the description of history as “one damn thing after another,” right?
这使人想起了历史的描述， “糟糕的事一件接一件”，对吗？
111.Number one: “Tendentious editing by user Andyvphil.”
第一：“由用户安迪?弗菲尔编辑的有倾向性内容。”
112.Apologies, Andyvphil, if you’re here today.
安迪?弗菲尔，如果你今天在这儿，对不起。
113.I’m not taking sides.
我没有在偏袒。
114.”Anon attacking me for reverting.”
“阿尼翁为了报复而攻击我。”
115.Here is my favorite: “A long story.”
这是我最喜欢的：“说来话长。”
116.(Laughter) It turns out there are more people checking this page for problems and wanting to solve them than there are problems arising on the page.
（笑） 之后越来越多的人来到这个页面挖掘问题 并解决这些问题 现在有更多的问题在这个页面上出现了。
117.And that’s what keeps Wikipedia afloat.
这就是使维基百科传播下去的东西。
118.At all times, Wikipedia is approximately 45 minutes away from utter destruction. Right?
任何时候，维基百科都面临着45分钟后 就彻底崩溃的危险，对吧？
119.There are spambots crawling it, trying to turn every article into an ad for a Rolex watch.
有垃圾邮件程序在上面爬行， 试图把每一篇文章都变成劳力士手表广告
120.(Laughter) It’s this thin geeky line that keeps it going.
（笑） 正是这条细细的让人讨厌的线 维持它的运行
121.Not because it’s a job, not because it’s a career, but because it’s a calling.
不是因为它是个工作， 不是因为它是份职业， 而是因为它是个感召，
122.It’s something they feel impelled to do because they care about it.
是一件他们认为必须去做的事。 因为他们在乎它。
123.They even gather together in such groups as the Counter-Vandalism Unit — “Civility, Maturity, Responsibility” — to just clean up the pages.
他们甚至在这种群组里聚在一起， 作为“反破坏行为租”—— “文明，成熟，责任”—— 来清理这些页面。
124.It does make you wonder if there were, for instance, a massive, extremely popular Star Trek convention one weekend, who would be minding the store?
确实令你想弄明白，举个例子，是不是 每周末都有冗长而普遍的“星际迷航”公约 那谁会来看店？
125.(Laughter) So what we see, (Laughter) what we see in this phenomenon is something that the crazed, late traffic engineer Hans Monderman discovered in the Netherlands,
笑 所以我们所看到的 笑 我们所看到的这个现象 是疯狂的交通工程师 汉斯 蒙德曼在荷兰的发明
126.and here in South Kensington, that sometimes if you remove some of the external rules and signs and everything else, you can actually end up
在南肯辛通 如果你去除一些多余的规则和道路标识以及其他的相关事物 你最终会生活在
127.with a safer environment in which people can function, and one in which they are more human with each other.
一个由人来发挥作用的更安全的环境 并且是一个更人性化的环境
128.They’re realizing that they have to take responsibility for what they do.
他们意识到他们 必须为他们所做的负责
129.And Wikipedia has embraced this.
而维基百科就拥有这种精神
130.Some of you may remember Star Wars Kid, the poor teenager who filmed himself with a golf ball retriever, acting as if it were a light saber.
你们可能还记得那位星际男孩 那位拍摄自己拿着高尔夫球杆 就好像自己拿着光剑一样的穷小孩
131.The film, without his permission, or even knowledge at first, found its way onto the Internet.
这个视频，未经他的允许，甚至在他不知道的情况下 在网上传播开来
132.Hugely viral video. Extremely popular.
并成为携带严重病毒的视频，因为它非常受欢迎
133.Totally mortifying to him.
这让星际男孩非常苦恼
134.Now, it being encyclopedic and all, Wikipedia had to do an article about Star Wars Kid.
如今，这事已广为人知 所以维基百科应该写篇关于星际男孩的文章
135.Every article on Wikipedia has a corresponding discussion page.
维基百科上的文章都有相应的讨论页面
136.And on the discussion page they had extensive argument among the Wikipedians, as to whether to have his real name featured in the article.
在这个讨论页面上 维基百科人对是否要在文章中标注 星际男孩的真实姓名 进行了广泛的争论
137.You could see arguments on both sides.
你可以看到双方的争论观点
138.Here is just a snapshot of some of them.
当然这只是其中一部分
139.They eventually decided, not unanimously by any means, not to include his real name, despite the fact that nearly all media reports did.
但他们最终决定 并不是一致同意 不标注真实姓名 即使几乎所有的媒体在报导中写明了真实姓名
140.They just didn’t think it was the right thing to do.
维基百科人就认为这是不对的
141.It was an act of kindness.
这是一种充满善意的行为
142.And to this day, the page for Star Wars Kid has a warning right at the top that says you are not to put his real name on the page.
至今，关于星际男孩的网页 右上方有个警告提示 说星际男孩的真实姓名是不允许标注的
143.If you do it will be removed immediately, removed by people who may have disagreed with the original decision, but respect the outcome,
如果你标注了，你的文章将被立即删除 被不同意最初决定 但尊重这个决定
144.and work to make it stay because they believe in something bigger than their own opinion.
并让这个决定运作的人删除 因为他们相信与他们的观点相比，有些事更重要
145.As a lawyer, I’ve got to say these guys are inventing the law and stare decisis and stuff like that as they go along.
作为一名法律工作者，我得说这此家伙在创造法律 和先例，一些他们要遵守的东西
146.Now, this isn’t just limited to Wikipedia.
现在，这不仅限于维基百科
147.We see it on blogs all over the place.
我们随处都可以在博客上看到
148.I mean, this is a 2005 Business Week cover.
这是一张2005年商业周刊的封面
149.Wow. Blogs are going to change your business.
哇，博客正在改变着你们的商业模式
150.I know they look silly. And sure they look silly.
我知道他们看起来很傻，确实他们很傻
151.They start off on all sorts of goofy projects.
他们创建各种各样的愚蠢的项目
152.This is my favorite goofy blog: Catsthatlooklikehitler.com.
这是我最喜欢的傻瓜博客 （一只像希特勒的猫）
153.(Laughter) You send in a picture of your cat if it looks like Hitler.
笑 你把你的猫的照片传上去 如果它看起来像希特勒
154.(Laughter) Yeah I know. Number four, it’s like, can you imagine coming home to that cat everyday?
笑 哈哈我知道，第四张非常像，你能想像 每天回家就看到那只猫吗
155.(Laughter) But then, you can see the same kind of whimsy applied to people.
笑 但是，你可以看到很多类似的怪想法 用在人类身上
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